Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to evidence, the ______ approach appears to be the most effective method.
According to evidence, the ______ approach appears to be the most effective method.
top down
Transferring data directly from one peripheral to another is an example of data ______.
Transferring data directly from one peripheral to another is an example of data ______.
movement
The process where data is transferred from an external environment into the computer's memory is known as a ______ operation.
The process where data is transferred from an external environment into the computer's memory is known as a ______ operation.
read
When data is sent to or received from a device directly connected to the computer, this process is known as input-______ or I/O.
When data is sent to or received from a device directly connected to the computer, this process is known as input-______ or I/O.
The ______ manages the computer's resources and directs the execution of its components based on instructions.
The ______ manages the computer's resources and directs the execution of its components based on instructions.
The number of bits used to represent various data types is an example of ______ attributes.
The number of bits used to represent various data types is an example of ______ attributes.
The operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications are part of computer ______.
The operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications are part of computer ______.
Unlike computer architecture, computer ______ includes hardware details transparent to the programmer.
Unlike computer architecture, computer ______ includes hardware details transparent to the programmer.
While computer architecture defines what a computer should do, computer organization determines ______ it will be done at the hardware level.
While computer architecture defines what a computer should do, computer organization determines ______ it will be done at the hardware level.
Computer architecture deals with the abstract, high-level structure and ______ of a computer system.
Computer architecture deals with the abstract, high-level structure and ______ of a computer system.
Computer ______ sets the design goals and principles for a computer system.
Computer ______ sets the design goals and principles for a computer system.
The way in which components of a computer system are interrelated is known as its ______.
The way in which components of a computer system are interrelated is known as its ______.
The ______ of each individual component as part of the structure defines how each component operates within the system.
The ______ of each individual component as part of the structure defines how each component operates within the system.
The ______ is responsible for controlling the sequence of operations within the CPU.
The ______ is responsible for controlling the sequence of operations within the CPU.
One of the key factors that has contributed to the increase in processor speed is the decreasing ______ of microprocessor components, which reduces the distance signals need to travel.
One of the key factors that has contributed to the increase in processor speed is the decreasing ______ of microprocessor components, which reduces the distance signals need to travel.
A critical issue in computer system design involves balancing the performance of various elements due to faster increases in ______ speed compared to memory access time.
A critical issue in computer system design involves balancing the performance of various elements due to faster increases in ______ speed compared to memory access time.
To compensate for the mismatch between processor speed and memory access time, techniques such as ______, wider data paths, and intelligent memory chips are employed.
To compensate for the mismatch between processor speed and memory access time, techniques such as ______, wider data paths, and intelligent memory chips are employed.
The evolution of computers includes increasing I/O capacity and speed, increasing memory size, decreasing component size, and increasing ______ speed.
The evolution of computers includes increasing I/O capacity and speed, increasing memory size, decreasing component size, and increasing ______ speed.
The four main structural components of a compute are the CPU, main memory, I/O and the ______.
The four main structural components of a compute are the CPU, main memory, I/O and the ______.
The ______ controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions; often simply referred to as processor.
The ______ controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions; often simply referred to as processor.
The ______ moves data between the computer and its external environment.
The ______ moves data between the computer and its external environment.
The ______ of the CPU controls the operation of the CPU and, consequently, the entire computer.
The ______ of the CPU controls the operation of the CPU and, consequently, the entire computer.
The ______ within the CPU performs data processing functions such as arithmetic and logical operations.
The ______ within the CPU performs data processing functions such as arithmetic and logical operations.
[Blank] within the CPU provide fast storage locations for data and instructions that are currently being processed.
[Blank] within the CPU provide fast storage locations for data and instructions that are currently being processed.
The ______ serves as a communication pathway between the control unit, ALU, and registers within the CPU.
The ______ serves as a communication pathway between the control unit, ALU, and registers within the CPU.
A ______ is an example of a system interconnection, consisting of conducting wires to which components attach.
A ______ is an example of a system interconnection, consisting of conducting wires to which components attach.
Flashcards
Data Movement
Data Movement
The movement of data between peripherals or communication lines.
Data Storage Operations
Data Storage Operations
Transferring data to computer storage (read) and retrieving data from storage (write).
Data Processing
Data Processing
Involves altering data within the system (arithmetic, logical).
Storage to I/O Processing
Storage to I/O Processing
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Control Unit
Control Unit
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Computer architecture
Computer architecture
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Computer Organization
Computer Organization
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Architectural attributes
Architectural attributes
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Organizational attributes
Organizational attributes
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Architecture focus
Architecture focus
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Organization focus
Organization focus
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Structure
Structure
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Function
Function
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Shrinking Component Size
Shrinking Component Size
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Compensating for Speed Mismatch
Compensating for Speed Mismatch
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Processor vs. Memory Speed
Processor vs. Memory Speed
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Techniques to Compensate Mismatch
Techniques to Compensate Mismatch
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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Main Memory
Main Memory
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I/O (Input/Output)
I/O (Input/Output)
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System Interconnection
System Interconnection
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Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
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Registers
Registers
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CPU Interconnection
CPU Interconnection
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Study Notes
Computer Architecture
- Attributes of a system that are visible to a programmer.
- Attributes of a system that directly impact the logical execution of a program.
- Architectural attributes include the instruction set, number of bits for data types, I/O mechanisms, and memory addressing techniques.
Computer Organization
- It refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications.
- Organizational attributes include hardware details transparent to the programmer like control signals, interfaces, and memory technology.
Architecture vs. Organization
- Computer architecture focuses on the conceptual design and structure of a computer system.
- Computer organization deals with practical implementation details and physical realization of that design.
- Architecture defines what a computer should do, organization determines how it is done at the hardware level.
- Architecture deals with abstract, high-level structure and functionality.
- Organization deals with concrete, low-level implementation details required to realize that structure and functionality in physical hardware.
- Architecture sets the design goals and principles.
- Organization implements those goals and principles in hardware.
Structure and Function
- Structure refers to the way components are interrelated.
- Function refers to the operation of each individual component as part of the structure.
- A top-down approach is considered the clearest and most effective way to describe structure.
Computer Functions
- Data processing.
- Data storage.
- Data movement.
- Control.
Possible Computer Operations
- Data movement: transferring data from one peripheral/communication line to another.
- Data storage device: transferring data to computer storage from the external environment, and vice versa.
- Data Processing: Processing data from storage, and stores the result back to storage.
- Processing from storage to I/O (input/output), and vice versa.
- Input-output (I/O) refers to the process of receiving data from or delivering data to a directly connected device to the computer.
- A device connected directly is called a peripheral.
- Data communications refers to moving data over longer distances to or from remote devices.
- Control unit manages resources and orchestrates the functional parts of the computer in response to instructions.
Computer Top Level Structure
- Central Processing Unit (CPU).
- Main Memory.
- I/O.
- System Interconnection.
Four Main Structural Components of a Computer
- Central Processing Unit (CPU): Controls computer operation and performs data processing functions.
- Main memory: Stores data and programs.
- I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external environment.
- System interconnection: Mechanism for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O
- The system bus is a common example of a system interconnection composed of conducting wires.
Major Structural Components of CPU
- Control Unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer.
- Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performs data processing functions of the computer.
- Registers: Provides internal storage to the CPU.
- CPU interconnection: Is the mechanism that provides communication among control unit, ALU, and registers.
Computer Evolution and Performance
- The evolution of computers has been characterized by:
- Increasing Processor Speed.
- Decreasing Component Size.
- Increasing Memory Size.
- Increasing I/O Capacity and Speed.
- The shrinking size of components is responsible for the increase in processor speed.
- Reducing the distance between components increases speed.
- True gains in speed come from processor organization.
- A critical issue in computer system design is balancing the performance of the various elements.
- Processor speed has increased more rapidly than memory access time.
- Techniques to compensate for mismatch, include caches, wider data paths, and intelligent memory chips.
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Description
Distinction between computer architecture and computer organization, focusing on attributes visible to programmers and hardware implementation details. Computer architecture focuses on the conceptual design, while computer organization deals with the practical realization of that design.
