Computer Architecture and Operating Systems
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Questions and Answers

A collection of bits is called a ______ in the Von Neumann architecture.

byte

Personal computers were made available due to ______ advancements.

microprocessor

The operating system developed by Bell Labs in 1969 was called ______.

UNIX

The first operating system by Microsoft used by IBM was ______.

<p>MS-DOS</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first operating system in the classic Mac OS family was ______.

<p>System 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ logic operation is used to invert all the bits in MIPS.

<p>NOT</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a register that holds the memory address of the next instruction to be executed.

<p>Program Counter</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first programmable computer was the ______.

<p>Jacquard Loom</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is the open-source core of macOS X.

<p>Darwin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ component of the macOS kernel provides the basic services for memory management and interprocess communication.

<p>MACH</p> Signup and view all the answers

Minicomputers used magnetic core ______ for storing data.

<p>memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Minicomputers employed ______ for logic circuits.

<p>transistors</p> Signup and view all the answers

The assembly code 'OR $s3, $s2, $s1' performs a bitwise ______ operation.

<p>OR</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a ______ OS, the kernel contains all essential services in a single program.

<p>monolithic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The control unit is responsible for ______ instructions from memory.

<p>fetching</p> Signup and view all the answers

Operating system libraries manage file aspects like creation, deletion, opening, and ______.

<p>closing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transistors are ______ than vacuum tubes.

<p>smaller</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transistors consume less ______ compared to vacuum tubes.

<p>power</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mainframes are designed to handle billions of simple tasks in ______ within specified timeframes.

<p>real-time</p> Signup and view all the answers

The MIPS principle 'Simplicity favors ______' emphasizes straightforward design in instruction sets.

<p>regularity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The MIPS instruction set architecture is widely used in ______ systems.

<p>embedded</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mainframes are known for their reliability, availability, and ______.

<p>serviceability</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of a mobile operating system is ______, commonly used in Samsung Galaxy smartphones.

<p>Android</p> Signup and view all the answers

MIPS Design Principle states that 'smaller is ______'.

<p>faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

Minicomputers utilized ______ for logic circuits, replacing vacuum tubes.

<p>transistors</p> Signup and view all the answers

For memory, minicomputers relied on ______ memory, a magnetic storage technology.

<p>core</p> Signup and view all the answers

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) defines the set of instructions a CPU can ______.

<p>execute</p> Signup and view all the answers

The C preprocessor produces an intermediate file with the extension ______.

<p>.i</p> Signup and view all the answers

Registers are small, high-speed storage locations that hold ______, instructions, or addresses temporarily.

<p>data</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ stick was used to record numbers and track debts or goods.

<p>tally</p> Signup and view all the answers

A con of monolithic OS is its ______ size.

<p>large</p> Signup and view all the answers

RAID technology combines multiple physical hard drives into a single ______ unit for data storage.

<p>logical</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ directory stores all files in a single directory, which simplifies access but complicates organization.

<p>single-level</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ component of the OS X kernel is responsible for core functionalities like virtual memory management and process scheduling.

<p>Mach</p> Signup and view all the answers

P-type doping involves infusing a semiconductor with an element that has fewer ______ electrons than the semiconductor.

<p>valence</p> Signup and view all the answers

A partition table is a data structure that defines how a hard disk is divided into ______.

<p>partitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

The OR gate outputs a true (1) signal if at least one of its ______ is true.

<p>inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

An instruction is a command given to a computer processor to perform a specific ______.

<p>operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The GUID Partition Table (GPT) is one of the common formats for a ______ table.

<p>partition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mach is described as a ______ kernel that separates hardware-specific and independent code.

<p>monolithic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first step to compiling a C program is ______.

<p>Preprocessing</p> Signup and view all the answers

A one-level directory stores all files in a ______.

<p>single directory</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mobile operating system optimizes performance for ______ and connectivity.

<p>portability</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a linked list, each node contains data and a pointer to the ______ node.

<p>next</p> Signup and view all the answers

The XOR operation outputs 1 when inputs ______.

<p>differ</p> Signup and view all the answers

To convert a binary number into decimal, we multiply each bit by 2^______.

<p>n</p> Signup and view all the answers

RAS is a signal used in dynamic ______ to activate a specific row in the memory array.

<p>RAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Von Neumann architecture, one of the CU's responsibilities is to fetch instructions from ______.

<p>memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Darwin

The open-source core of macOS X, including kernel and libraries.

macOS X

An operating system built on Darwin, adding user-friendly layers.

MACH component

Part of the macOS kernel that handles memory, IPC, and multitasking.

Monolithic OS

An OS where all kernel services run in one program space.

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Binary to Decimal Conversion

A method to convert binary numbers to decimal form.

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Control Unit Tasks

Processes managed by the control unit: fetch, decode, execute, manage data flow.

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Operating System Libraries

Libraries that manage file operations like create, open, and delete.

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Bitwise OR Operation

An assembly operation combining bits of two registers, resulting in a third.

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Byte

A collection of bits in Von Neumann architecture.

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MS-DOS

The first operating system by Microsoft used by IBM PCs.

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Program Counter

A register that holds the memory address of the next instruction to execute.

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XOR Operation

A logic operation that outputs high (1) if inputs are different.

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IBM 5100

Considered the first portable computer released in 1975.

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UNIX

An operating system developed by Bell Labs in 1969.

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Cluster

A collection of sectors in a hard disk.

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Semicolon in C

Used at the end of each line in C programming.

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Transistor advantages

Transistors are smaller, more efficient, and longer-lasting than vacuum tubes.

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Mobile Operating System

Software for managing hardware and applications on handheld devices.

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Example of Mobile OS

Android is a mobile OS used in devices like Samsung Galaxy smartphones.

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Mainframe definition

A high-performance computer system designed for handling large-scale tasks in real-time.

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Mainframe characteristics

Key features include reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS).

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MIPS principle

"Simplicity favors regularity" emphasizes consistent design in instruction sets for easier implementations.

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MIPS Design Principle

"Make the Common Case Fast" ensures frequently used instructions are optimized for speed.

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MIPS RISC ISA

MIPS is a RISC instruction set architecture commonly used in education and embedded systems.

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Minicomputers

Computers that use transistors instead of vacuum tubes for logic circuits.

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Core Memory

A magnetic storage technology used in minicomputers, more durable than previous systems.

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Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

The set of instructions a CPU can execute, defining operations and data types.

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C Preprocessor Output

Produces an intermediate file with .i extension, containing processed source code.

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Linker

Combines object files into a single executable and resolves external references.

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Registers in CPU

High-speed storage locations that hold data, instructions, or addresses temporarily.

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Tally Stick

An early tool made of bone for recording numbers through notches or marks.

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RAID Technology

Method of combining multiple physical drives into one logical unit for data storage.

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Single-level directory

A file system structure where all files are stored in one directory.

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Hierarchical directory

A tree-like file system structure that organizes files into directories and subdirectories.

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P-type doping

A process of adding elements with fewer valence electrons to semiconductors, creating positive charge carriers.

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Partition table

A data structure on a hard disk defining how the disk is divided into partitions.

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OR Gate

A basic logic gate that outputs 1 if at least one input is 1.

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Computer instruction

A command for a CPU to perform a specific operation or task.

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Master Boot Record (MBR)

A common partition table format that manages partitions on a hard disk.

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Steps to compile a C program

Four steps: Preprocessing, Compilation, Assembly, Linking.

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One-level directory

All files in one directory; simple but hard to manage.

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Fetch in Von Neumann

Fetches instructions from memory for processing.

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Linked list

A dynamic data structure with nodes containing data and pointers.

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RAS in DRAM

Signal used to activate a specific memory row in DRAM.

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Study Notes

Von Neumann Architecture

  • A collection of bits is called a byte or word.

Microprocessor Advancements

  • Technological advancements led to the availability of personal computers.

Operating Systems

  • UNIX was developed by Bell Labs in 1969.
  • MS-DOS was the first operating system used by IBM PCs in 1981.
  • System 1 was the first operating system in the classic Mac OS family.

Logic Operations

  • The NOT operation inverts all bits.
  • XOR produces 1 if inputs are different.

Computer Components

  • A Program Counter holds the memory address of the next instruction.
  • The Accumulator stores intermediate arithmetic/logic results.
  • The Memory Address Register (MAR) holds memory addresses.
  • The Memory Data Register (MDR) holds data to/from memory.
  • The Instruction Register (IR) holds the current instruction.
  • A register that holds memory address of the next instruction to execute is the Program Counter

Early Programmable Computers

  • The Jacquard Loom (1804) is considered the first programmable computer.
  • The IBM 5100 was often considered the first portable computer.
  • The Colossus was an early programmable computer

Operating System Layers

  • Above the kernel in MINIX 3 are servers.
  • Below the kernel in MINIX 3 are drivers.

File Organisation

  • Single-level directory: All files are within one directory.
  • Hierarchical directory: Files organised in a tree-like structure with subdirectories.

C Programming

  • Preprocessing: handles #include and #define.
  • Compilation: Converts code to assembly language.
  • Assembling: Converts assembly code into machine code.
  • Linking: Combines object files and libraries into an executable program.

Hexadecimal

  • Hexadecimal (base 16) has 16 symbols: 0-9 and A-F.

Other Concepts

  • A collection of sectors in a hard disk forms a cluster.
  • Underscores are allowed in Windows OS naming conventions.
  • The Abacus used movable beads to represent digits.
  • Darwin is the core of macOS.
  • A semicolon ";" is used at the end of each line in C.
  • The principle "Simplicity favours regularity" emphasizes consistency in instruction sets for easier implementation. MIPS instructions often use a fixed format.
  • MIPS Design Principles emphasize simplicity, making common cases faster, prioritizing smaller and faster components, and achieving a good balance in design.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of computer architecture, including Von Neumann architecture and key components like the Program Counter and Accumulator. Learn about the evolution of operating systems such as UNIX and MS-DOS, along with the logic operations central to computer functionality. This quiz encompasses the essentials of computer components and early programmable computers.

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