Computer Architecture and Multiprocessors
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Questions and Answers

What type of multiprocessors share a single centralized memory where processors have equal access to?

  • Symmetric (shared-memory) multiprocessors - SMP (correct)
  • Multicomputers
  • Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) multiprocessors
  • Nonuniform Memory Access (NUMA) multiprocessors

    • What is a characteristic of Symmetric Multiprocessors (SMP) in terms of access time to memory?

  • Distributed Memory Access
  • Nonuniform Memory Access (NUMA)
  • Separate Memory Access
  • Uniform Memory Access (UMA) (correct)

    • What is a potential bottleneck in Symmetric Multiprocessors (SMP)?

  • Network bandwidth
  • Memory/bus (correct)
  • Cache size
  • Number of processors

    • What type of multiprocessors do not share a single centralized memory?

    <p>Multicomputers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical number of cores in a Symmetric Multiprocessor (SMP)?

    <p>32 cores or less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alternative to Symmetric Multiprocessors (SMP)?

    <p>Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) multiprocessors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of architecture is characterized by multiple instruction streams and multiple data streams?

    <p>MIMD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of computer consists of tightly coupled processors whose coordination/usage are generally controlled by a single OS and that share memory through a shared address space?

    <p>Multiprocessors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory access is characterized by a single memory space that is shared by all processors?

    <p>Uniform Memory Access (UMA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of system is characterized by multiple processors that are not shared by a single memory space?

    <p>Multicomputers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Symmetric Multiprocessors (SMP)?

    <p>Multiple processors that share a single memory space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory access is characterized by different access times for different memory locations?

    <p>Nonuniform Memory Access (NUMA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of system is characterized by a collection of processors that are connected using a network and do not share a common memory space?

    <p>Multicomputers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge in designing Symmetric Multiprocessors (SMP)?

    <p>Cache coherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) architecture in terms of memory bandwidth?

    <p>It increases the memory bandwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Symmetric Multiprocessors (SMP)?

    <p>Uniform access times to memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Symmetric Multiprocessors (SMP) and Distributed Shared Memory (DSM)?

    <p>Memory organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following communication models is typically used in Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) architecture?

    <p>Message passing model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Nonuniform Memory Access (NUMA) architecture?

    <p>Access time depends on the location of a data word in memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Multicomputers?

    <p>Processors have independent memories and address spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the market share characteristic of Symmetric Multiprocessors (SMP)?

    <p>Bigger market share, both in $ and units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an advantage of Symmetric Multiprocessors (SMP)?

    <p>Reduced need for memory bandwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of caches in Symmetric Multiprocessors (SMP)?

    <p>Provide locality and replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following communication models can also be applied to Distributed Shared Memory (DSM)?

    <p>Thread and fork-join model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Memory Organization

    • Multiprocessors classified by their memory organization
    • Symmetric (shared-memory) multiprocessors - SMP:
      • 32 cores or less
      • Single centralized memory with equal access for processors
      • Uniform access time - UMA to all memory
      • May have memory/bus bottleneck
      • Use of large caches and many buses
    • Distributed shared memory - DSM:
      • 16-64 processor cores
      • Distributed memory to increase bandwidth and reduce access latency
      • Communicating data among processors is more complex
      • Requires more software effort to take advantage of increased memory bandwidth
      • Nonuniform memory access - NUMA
      • Each node can be a small distributed system with centralized memory

    SMP Architecture

    • Processors share a single memory
    • Uniform access times to the memory
    • Suitable for systems with a small number of processors

    DSM Architecture

    • Processors share the same address space
    • Not necessarily the same physical memory
    • Suitable for systems with a large number of processors

    Multicomputers

    • Processors with independent memories and address spaces
    • Communicate through interconnection networks
    • May even be complete computers connected in a network (clusters)

    Communication Models

    • SMP: central memory, threads and fork-join model, open multi-processing - OpenMP, implicit communication (memory access)
    • DSM: distributed memory, message passing model, message passing interface - MPI, explicit communication (message passing), synchronization problems

    Market Share

    • SMP: bigger market share in terms of dollars and units, multiprocessors in a chip
    • Multicomputers: popularization of clusters for systems on the internet, massively parallel processors - MPP

    SMP Advantages

    • Large and efficient cache systems can reduce the need for memory bandwidth
    • Provide some cost benefits as they need not much extra hardware, and are based on general-purpose processors - GPP
    • Caches provide not only locality but also replication

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of computer architecture, focusing on memory organization and multiprocessors. It discusses different types of multiprocessors, such as symmetric and distributed memory multiprocessors.

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