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Questions and Answers
What are the major components of a computer?
What are the major components of a computer?
The major components of a computer are the CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O devices, and buses.
What are registers? And what is their key role in a computer?
What are registers? And what is their key role in a computer?
Registers are small, high-speed memory locations within the CPU that are used to store data and instructions that are currently being processed. They play a crucial role in speeding up the execution of instructions by providing fast access to frequently used data.
Which of the following is NOT a type of register in the 8086 processor?
Which of the following is NOT a type of register in the 8086 processor?
What type of register is used to store addresses?
What type of register is used to store addresses?
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What is the purpose of the Instruction Pointer (IP)?
What is the purpose of the Instruction Pointer (IP)?
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The Flags Register in the 8086 processor is used to store data.
The Flags Register in the 8086 processor is used to store data.
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What is the difference between RAM and ROM?
What is the difference between RAM and ROM?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course: Computer Architecture 2
- Lecturer: Dr. Rouida Mahbani
- Year: Second Year
- Department: Computer Engineering
- University: National Private University
- Country: Syrian Arab Republic
Registers and General Structure
- Registers are important components of the processor
- Three main types of registers:
- Data registers: Used to store data for arithmetic and logical operations
- Address registers: Used to store addresses
- Status register: Stores status information related to the processor's operation
General Purpose Registers (AX, BX, CX, DX)
- General purpose registers used for general data manipulation within the processor
- Each register consists of two 8-bit parts (High and Low)
- AX (Accumulator): Primarily used for arithmetic, logical operations, memory access, and I/O (input/output) operations. Its use often leads to more compact and efficient programs.
- BX (Base Register): Commonly used for indirect addressing modes.
- CX (Count Register): Primarily used for loops, shifts, rotations, and counters in array-based operations.
- DX (Data Register): Used as an input/output port number and/or for the upper 16 bits in 32-bit division and multiplication operations
Segment Registers (CS, DS, ES, SS)
- 8086 processors can only address 64KB (kilobytes) of memory at any given time
- Memory is divided into 4 segments:
- Code Segment (CS): Holds the starting address (first location) of the program's code in memory.
- Data Segment (DS): Holds the starting address of data.
- Stack Segment (SS): Stores the starting address of the stack.
- Extra Data Segment (ES): Acts as an additional data segment.
Index and Pointer Registers (SI, DI, BP, SP)
- Used with segment registers for addressing specific memory locations
- SI (Source Index): Used for holding offsets within the Data Segment (DS).
- DI (Destination Index): Used as an offset with the Extra Data Segment (ES).
- SP (Stack Pointer): Points to the top of the stack in the Stack Segment (SS). It's automatically updated during stack operations.
- BP (Base Pointer): Used to refer to data within the Stack Segment (SS) without removing the data from the stack itself.
Instruction Pointer (IP) and Flags Register
- IP (Instruction Pointer): Stores the address of the next instruction to be executed.
- Flags Register: A 16-bit register primarily used to track the processor's current status.
Main Memory (RAM, ROM)
- Holds program instructions and data during execution
- Structured as a grid of cells (locations)
- Each cell has a unique address (row number)
- Cells can hold multiple bits (bytes) for data storage
- Has an address register, a word register, a local control unit, and a storage unit
Buses
- Channels for communication between CPU components
- Three types of buses:
- Address Bus: Carries the address of the data to be accessed from the main memory (unidirectional).
- Data Bus: Transfers data between the CPU and other components (bidirectional).
- Control Bus: Carries control signals (in bidirectional or unidirectional) to coordinate the actions of the other components.
Memory Access Operations
- Reading data from memory:
- The CPU sends the address via the address bus.
- The memory fetches the data.
- The data returned through the data bus to the CPU.
- Writing data to memory:
- The CPU sends the address via the address bus.
- The CPU sends the data to be written to the memory via the data bus.
- The memory stores the data.
Fetch and Execute Cycles
- Fetch Cycle: Locating and retrieving the next instruction from memory
- Execute Cycle: Executing the retrieved instruction
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Description
This quiz explores the different types of registers used in computer architecture, focusing on data registers, address registers, and status registers. Participants will learn about general purpose registers such as AX, BX, CX, and DX, and their specific roles in data manipulation and processor operations.
