Questions and Answers
Which statement is true regarding the Pentium 4?
In the post-PC era, energy is considered a less valuable resource than power.
False
What does CMOS stand for?
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
The power required per transistor is a function of energy of a transition and the __________ of transitions.
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Match the following energy metrics with their descriptions:
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What effect does lowering voltage have on power consumption?
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The energy metric joules is a better measure for performance than using MIPS.
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What is a typical voltage reduction seen with each new generation of technology?
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What percentage of the capacitive load does the new processor have compared to the older processor?
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Dynamic energy is the main contributor to energy consumption in CMOS technology.
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What is the impact of reducing voltage by 15% on frequency?
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About _____ of the power consumption in server chips is due to leakage.
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Match the following impacts on power consumption with their descriptions:
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What is a common issue when trying to lower voltage further in modern processors?
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What happens to parts of the chip that are not used during a clock cycle?
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Having more transistors always reduces power dissipation.
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What is Intel's Turbo mode designed to do?
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The CPI of a program in a new Java compiler is expected to decrease.
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How long does the application run on the desktop processor using the old Java compiler?
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Today’s processors can vary their clock rates to save energy or temporarily boost __________.
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Match the following terms related to processors with their definitions:
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Which microprocessor was released first?
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The Pentium 4 Willamette has a higher clock rate than the Pentium 4 Prescott.
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What is the clock rate of the 80286 microprocessor?
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The Core i5 model released in 2016 is known as Core i5 __________.
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Match the following microprocessors with their release years:
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Which microprocessor had the highest power consumption?
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The Core 2 Kentsfield was released before the Core i5 Clarkdale.
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List one microprocessor released in 2001.
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The power consumption of the 80386 microprocessor is __________ watts.
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Match the following clock rates with their respective microprocessor:
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Which of the following microprocessors was released in 2013?
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The Pentium (1993) had a higher clock rate than the Pentium Pro (1997).
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What is the clock rate of the Core i5 Coffee Lake?
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The __________ was the first microprocessor to utilize a clock rate of 1 GHz.
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Which microprocessor has the lowest power consumption?
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How many generations are represented in the given data?
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Study Notes
Computer Abstractions and Technology
- Modern processors can vary clock rates for energy efficiency and performance, utilizing features like Intel's Turbo mode which temporarily boosts clock rates by about 10%.
- A Java application taking 15 seconds on a desktop processor can potentially run faster with a new compiler that uses 0.6 times as many instructions but increases CPI by 1.1. To determine the new run time, the correct assessment leads to a runtime of 9.9 seconds.
The Power Wall
- Intel microprocessors' clock rates and power consumption increased rapidly for decades but have recently plateaued due to power limits for cooling.
- Power and clock rate increase are correlated; features like Intel's Pentium 4 demonstrate significant clock rate boosts but encounter thermal difficulties, leading to lower performance gains.
- The transition to a simpler Core 2 design resolved issues by integrating multiple processors per chip while maintaining lower clock rates.
Energy vs. Power in Computing
- In modern computing, energy efficiency is increasingly prioritized over raw performance, especially in mobile devices where battery life is crucial.
- Measuring program performance in joules (energy) is more effective than watts (power) as it accounts for work done over time.
- CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) technology dominates integrated circuits, where dynamic energy is primarily consumed during state transitions of transistors.
Energy Consumption Mechanics
- Dynamic energy consumption is affected by capacitive load and applied voltage, expressed by the relationship: Energy ∝ Capacitive load × Voltage².
- Power consumption per transistor is calculated as Power ∝ ½ × Capacitive load × Voltage² × Frequency, where frequency is linked to clock rate.
- Power can be managed by lowering voltage, leading to reduced power increases despite drastic clock rate improvements over generations.
Impact of Processor Design on Power
- A new processor with 85% of the capacitive load of an older model, reduced voltage, and a 15% drop in frequency can achieve approximately half the power consumption compared to the older model.
- Leakage current, responsible for about 40% of energy consumption in server chips, poses a challenge to reducing power further while increasing transistor counts.
- Cooling strategies include large devices for heat dissipation and turning off unused chip parts during clock cycles, though these methods may be costly for personal devices.
Challenges Ahead
- Reducing voltage limits transistor performance as increased leakage affects efficiency; excessive leakage can hinder operational stability.
- Power management remains a critical concern for integrated circuit design, especially with the growing number of transistors in modern processors.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of computer abstractions and technology in this quiz based on Chapter 1. Learn about clock cycle variations and their impact on performance and energy efficiency in modern processors. Test your understanding of key concepts related to processor architecture and operations.
