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Questions and Answers
Which statement best describes composite materials?
What is an isotropic material?
Which of the following is an example of anisotropic material?
What role does fiber play in composite materials?
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What characterizes orthotropic materials?
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What effect does the stacking sequence of the plies have on a composite laminate?
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For a composite to handle most axial loads effectively, which ply orientation should be utilized?
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What is the primary characteristic of a roving in materials such as glass?
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What does the term 'warp clock' indicate?
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Which type of resin is typically used to impregnate fibers for composites?
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Study Notes
Laminated Structure
- Composite materials consist of combined materials that achieve specific structural properties without fully merging.
- Components often remain identifiable and can be applied in aircraft structures including fairings, control surfaces, and landing gear.
Types of Materials
- Isotropic: Properties remain constant regardless of direction. Example: metal and glass.
- Anisotropic: Properties vary in perpendicular directions. Example: wood and composites.
- Orthotropic: Properties change in all directions. Example: wood structures.
Major Components of Composites
- Fiber: Primary load-bearing element; acts as a reinforcing material.
- Matrix: Binds fibers together, impacting structural properties like stiffness and strength based on ply stacking.
Fiber Orientation
- Ply orientation affects stiffness and strength; specific orientations (0°, ±45°, 90°) are chosen for optimal response to various loads.
Warp Clock
- Warp: Represents longitudinal fiber direction in fabrics.
- Warp Clock: Indicates fiber orientation during manufacturing; defaults to zero if absent.
Fiber Forms
- Filament: Single fiber, also known as a strand.
- Tows/Yarns/Rovings: Bundles of filaments; Kevlar is untwisted whereas fiberglass yarns may be twisted.
Roving
- Consists of filament ends aligned in one direction, e.g., glass rovings usually contain 20 or 60 ends. Commonly designated by K (1,000) filament counts.
Unidirectional (Tape)
- Prepreg tapes with unidirectional fibers are common in aerospace. Thermosetting resins are often used during the manufacturing process.
Matrix Materials
- Thermosetting Resins: Strengthen under heat, cannot be remolded post-formation; examples include epoxy and polyester resins.
- Thermoplastic Resins: Can be reheated and reshaped; categorized into semicrystalline and amorphous types.
Types of Fibers
-
Fiberglass: Used in secondary structures like fairings.
- E-glass: For electrical applications.
- S-glass: High-strength structural fiberglass.
- Kevlar®: Aramid fiber known for impact resistance; variants include Kevlar® 49 with high stiffness and Kevlar® 29 with lower stiffness.
- Carbon/Graphite Fibers: Exhibiting high strength and corrosion resistance, typically used in primary structural components.
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Description
This quiz delves into the characteristics and applications of composite materials, focusing on their laminated structure and various types. It covers the properties of isotropic, anisotropic, and orthotropic materials, as well as the importance of fiber orientation and major components like fibers and matrices.
