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Questions and Answers
What is a defining feature of composites?
What is a defining feature of composites?
Which of the following is NOT listed as an advantage of composites?
Which of the following is NOT listed as an advantage of composites?
What is a common filler material used in various applications?
What is a common filler material used in various applications?
Which machine tool is capable of machining irregular contours?
Which machine tool is capable of machining irregular contours?
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What distinguishes a 'profiler' from a 'duplicator' in machine tools?
What distinguishes a 'profiler' from a 'duplicator' in machine tools?
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Syntactic foam is characterized by which of the following properties?
Syntactic foam is characterized by which of the following properties?
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Which of the following is a limitation of composites?
Which of the following is a limitation of composites?
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What happens when the stylus moves downward during operation?
What happens when the stylus moves downward during operation?
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Which part of the hydraulic tracing device ensures continuous contact with the template?
Which part of the hydraulic tracing device ensures continuous contact with the template?
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What is the role of the oil pump in the hydraulic tracing device?
What is the role of the oil pump in the hydraulic tracing device?
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What occurs when the stylus moves upward in the hydraulic tracing device?
What occurs when the stylus moves upward in the hydraulic tracing device?
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How accurately can the tracing functions in tracer-controlled milling machines reproduce shapes?
How accurately can the tracing functions in tracer-controlled milling machines reproduce shapes?
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What is the purpose of adjusting the links of the pantograph?
What is the purpose of adjusting the links of the pantograph?
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In the pantograph system, why are points P, C, and T required to be in a straight line?
In the pantograph system, why are points P, C, and T required to be in a straight line?
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What is the effect of the triangles PAC and PBT being similar?
What is the effect of the triangles PAC and PBT being similar?
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What role does the slide M play in the pantograph linkage system?
What role does the slide M play in the pantograph linkage system?
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How does the tracer impart motion to the cutter?
How does the tracer impart motion to the cutter?
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What characteristic of the arm CA in the pantograph linkage is maintained?
What characteristic of the arm CA in the pantograph linkage is maintained?
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What additional movement is provided in a three dimensional pantograph system?
What additional movement is provided in a three dimensional pantograph system?
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What happens with the model or master when working on very small designs?
What happens with the model or master when working on very small designs?
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Which component helps secure the cutter at a specific position in the pantograph system?
Which component helps secure the cutter at a specific position in the pantograph system?
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What is the main function of the pantograph in the engraving process?
What is the main function of the pantograph in the engraving process?
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What is the primary purpose of a mechanical copying machine?
What is the primary purpose of a mechanical copying machine?
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Which component of the mechanical copying machine controls the vertical movement for copying three-dimensional contours?
Which component of the mechanical copying machine controls the vertical movement for copying three-dimensional contours?
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How is the feed motion given to the work-table and cutter head when machining certain portions?
How is the feed motion given to the work-table and cutter head when machining certain portions?
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What facilitates the contact between the follower and the master in a mechanical copying machine?
What facilitates the contact between the follower and the master in a mechanical copying machine?
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When machining portions 1-2 and 3-4, what remains free to move?
When machining portions 1-2 and 3-4, what remains free to move?
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What is the purpose of adjusting the relative positions of the work and the former or master on the work-table?
What is the purpose of adjusting the relative positions of the work and the former or master on the work-table?
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What type of movements do the cutter and follower execute during the machining process?
What type of movements do the cutter and follower execute during the machining process?
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Which design component primarily allows the machine to traverse in the direction YY?
Which design component primarily allows the machine to traverse in the direction YY?
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Which of the following is not a means of supplying force to keep the follower in contact with the master?
Which of the following is not a means of supplying force to keep the follower in contact with the master?
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What device replaces the straight guide bar in a mechanical tracer-controlled contouring device?
What device replaces the straight guide bar in a mechanical tracer-controlled contouring device?
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What is the primary function of the stylus in a hydraulic tracing system?
What is the primary function of the stylus in a hydraulic tracing system?
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Which component is necessary to ensure reliable contact between the stylus and the template?
Which component is necessary to ensure reliable contact between the stylus and the template?
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What advantage do non-mechanical tracing systems have over mechanical ones?
What advantage do non-mechanical tracing systems have over mechanical ones?
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What part of the pantograph die-sinking and engraving machine is responsible for controlling the movements of the worktable?
What part of the pantograph die-sinking and engraving machine is responsible for controlling the movements of the worktable?
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In a mechanical tracer-controlled device, how is the cutter spindle's feed mechanism related to the depth of cut?
In a mechanical tracer-controlled device, how is the cutter spindle's feed mechanism related to the depth of cut?
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What type of movement does the copy table of a pantograph die-sinking machine NOT have?
What type of movement does the copy table of a pantograph die-sinking machine NOT have?
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What facilitates the operation of the hydraulic tracing system in relation to the stylus's contact with the template?
What facilitates the operation of the hydraulic tracing system in relation to the stylus's contact with the template?
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What is the role of the cutter in pantograph milling machines?
What is the role of the cutter in pantograph milling machines?
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Which statement is true regarding hydraulic units in tracing devices?
Which statement is true regarding hydraulic units in tracing devices?
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What is a disadvantage of using specialized automatic machine tools in production?
What is a disadvantage of using specialized automatic machine tools in production?
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How does the accuracy of a scanner compare to that of manual control systems?
How does the accuracy of a scanner compare to that of manual control systems?
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In what way does a tracer-controlled lathe differ from a turret lathe?
In what way does a tracer-controlled lathe differ from a turret lathe?
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What is a defining characteristic of mass production systems?
What is a defining characteristic of mass production systems?
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What is one limitation of automatic machine tools in terms of product range?
What is one limitation of automatic machine tools in terms of product range?
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Which of the following best describes the operation of a pantograph machine?
Which of the following best describes the operation of a pantograph machine?
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Which aspect is a primary reason for implementing numerical control in machine tools?
Which aspect is a primary reason for implementing numerical control in machine tools?
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What is the main limitation of mechanical copying machines compared to their automatic counterparts?
What is the main limitation of mechanical copying machines compared to their automatic counterparts?
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What is the primary drawback of using tracing systems for small batch production?
What is the primary drawback of using tracing systems for small batch production?
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What effect does a low saddle feed rate combined with a high cross-feed rate have on the inclination of the steps in the system?
What effect does a low saddle feed rate combined with a high cross-feed rate have on the inclination of the steps in the system?
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What limitation does the system have with regard to copying square shoulders?
What limitation does the system have with regard to copying square shoulders?
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How are the in-and-out motions of the saddle controlled in the keller die-sinking machine?
How are the in-and-out motions of the saddle controlled in the keller die-sinking machine?
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What is the primary purpose of the 'on-off' electrical tracing system in a keller die-sinking machine?
What is the primary purpose of the 'on-off' electrical tracing system in a keller die-sinking machine?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the surface produced by the machine's tracing operations?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the surface produced by the machine's tracing operations?
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What is a distinguishing feature of automatic tracing machines compared to traditional ones?
What is a distinguishing feature of automatic tracing machines compared to traditional ones?
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Why is the keller die-sinking machine considered popular despite its limitation?
Why is the keller die-sinking machine considered popular despite its limitation?
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What happens to the hydraulic actuating cylinder when the stylus moves downward?
What happens to the hydraulic actuating cylinder when the stylus moves downward?
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How does the tracer valve control the movement of the spindle head when the stylus moves upward?
How does the tracer valve control the movement of the spindle head when the stylus moves upward?
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What is the relationship between the stylus movement and the operation of the hydraulic tracing system?
What is the relationship between the stylus movement and the operation of the hydraulic tracing system?
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Which of the following accurately describes the function of spring pressure in the hydraulic tracing device?
Which of the following accurately describes the function of spring pressure in the hydraulic tracing device?
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What occurs when the ports b and d of the tracer valve are covered by the valve body?
What occurs when the ports b and d of the tracer valve are covered by the valve body?
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What is the primary characteristic of Kevlar that enhances its application in safety gear?
What is the primary characteristic of Kevlar that enhances its application in safety gear?
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Which of the following matrices would NOT be classified as a Metal Matrix Composite (MMC)?
Which of the following matrices would NOT be classified as a Metal Matrix Composite (MMC)?
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What distinguishes Carbon-Carbon Composites from other types of composites?
What distinguishes Carbon-Carbon Composites from other types of composites?
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Which property is NOT associated with an ideal matrix material in composites?
Which property is NOT associated with an ideal matrix material in composites?
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Which of the following describes a disadvantage of using fillers in composites?
Which of the following describes a disadvantage of using fillers in composites?
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Which of the following applications would least likely utilize Kevlar material?
Which of the following applications would least likely utilize Kevlar material?
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What is a notable feature of Kevlar Protera that enhances its performance compared to traditional Kevlar?
What is a notable feature of Kevlar Protera that enhances its performance compared to traditional Kevlar?
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Which type of composite matrix is specifically characterized by polymers?
Which type of composite matrix is specifically characterized by polymers?
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Which characteristic is essential for reinforcements used in composites?
Which characteristic is essential for reinforcements used in composites?
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Which advantage does Kevlar have over steel, according to its material properties?
Which advantage does Kevlar have over steel, according to its material properties?
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What mechanism allows the stylus in a hydraulic tracing system to follow the form of the master without being affected by cutting forces?
What mechanism allows the stylus in a hydraulic tracing system to follow the form of the master without being affected by cutting forces?
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What is a significant benefit of low pressure on the stylus in hydraulic tracing systems?
What is a significant benefit of low pressure on the stylus in hydraulic tracing systems?
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Which component in a pantograph die-sinking and engraving machine is responsible for the movement along three directions?
Which component in a pantograph die-sinking and engraving machine is responsible for the movement along three directions?
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How does the feed mechanism of the cutter spindle contribute to the operation of a mechanical tracer-controlled device?
How does the feed mechanism of the cutter spindle contribute to the operation of a mechanical tracer-controlled device?
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In a mechanical tracer-controlled contouring device, what replaces the straight guide bar?
In a mechanical tracer-controlled contouring device, what replaces the straight guide bar?
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What function does the tracer pointer serve in a pantograph milling machine?
What function does the tracer pointer serve in a pantograph milling machine?
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What characteristic of hydraulic tracing systems enhances their operational efficiency compared to mechanical systems?
What characteristic of hydraulic tracing systems enhances their operational efficiency compared to mechanical systems?
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What is the primary role of the cutter head in a pantograph machine?
What is the primary role of the cutter head in a pantograph machine?
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What is the vertical and rotary movement of the copy table in a pantograph die-sinking machine primarily controlled by?
What is the vertical and rotary movement of the copy table in a pantograph die-sinking machine primarily controlled by?
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Why are templates made of inexpensive materials feasible for use in hydraulic tracing systems?
Why are templates made of inexpensive materials feasible for use in hydraulic tracing systems?
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Study Notes
Continuous and Aligned, Discontinuous and Aligned, and Continuous and Randomly Oriented Fibers
- Continuous and aligned fibers are long and run parallel to each other.
- Discontinuous and aligned fibers are shorter segments arranged parallel to each other.
- Continuous and randomly oriented fibers are long strands distributed in random directions.
Kevlar
- Kevlar is a trade name for aramid fibers (aromatic polyamides).
- It's five times stronger than steel with the same weight.
- It doesn't rust or corrode.
- Applications include bulletproof vests, underwater cables, brake linings, radial tires, space vehicles, boats, parachutes, and skis.
- Kevlar Protera, a newer material, offers better flexibility, lighter weight, and enhanced ballistic protection. It features an improved spinning process.
Composites Classification
- Composites are classified based on the matrix material, including:
- Organic Matrix Composites (OMCs) or Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
- Carbon Matrix Composites (Carbon-Carbon Composites)
- Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)
- Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)
- Composites are also classified by reinforcement type, including:
- Fiber Reinforced
- Laminar
- Particulate
Composite Constituents
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Composites consist of a matrix, reinforcement, and fillers.
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The matrix material properties include reduced moisture absorption, low shrinkage, low thermal expansion, excellent chemical resistance, and dimensional stability. It also has a high elevated and low temperature capacity.
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Reinforcements enhance strength, while fillers improve other properties such as appearance, handling, fire resistance, or light stability. Fillers can be minerals, metal powders, ceramics, polymers, or metal oxides, among others like alumina, silica, glass particles, wood chips, and carbon black.
Composite Advantages and Limitations
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Advantages: Improved dent resistance, torsional stiffness, dimensional stability, simplified manufacturing/assembly, close tolerances, greater reliability, and directional tailoring properties.
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Limitations: High cost of raw materials and fabrication, greater brittleness than wrought metals, difficulties in reuse and disposal, and potential environmental degradation.
Composite Definition
- Composites are combinations of two or more materials.
- They exhibit the best properties of individual materials and often include additional properties not found in any single material.
- Composites are widely used in the electronics industry for printed circuit boards (PCBs).
- A recent composite type is syntactic foam, a gas-filled material with hollow spherical inclusions in a polymer/metallic matrix, offering good thermal/water insulation, vibration damping, and low dielectric constants.
Tracer Controlled Machine Tools
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Tracer controlled machine tools (duplicators, contour-producing tools) machine shaped components from a master form or template.
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This master form can be a previously machined part or a specially designed template.
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The cutting tool replicates the path of a stylus or tracer finger, following the master's shape, manually or automatically.
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Different types include duplicators (3D), and profilers (2D).
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These can machine irregular contours, including steps, tapers, right angles, recesses, grinding necks.
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Tracer lathes are generally faster than manual lathes for complex parts, due to faster tool adjustments.
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Useful for smaller batches, their high initial cost makes tracer lathes less economical if only a few parts are needed.
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Mechanical copying is done using mechanical means, while other types of tracer tools use hydraulics or electrically-controlled systems to produce the desired shape.
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Disadvantages of mechanical systems: Large forces, larger sized cutting tools, stronger masters are needed, which makes the operation expensive for some applications.
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Advantages of hydraulic or electrical systems: Lower contact pressures from the stylus or tracer on the master, smaller/steeper features can be duplicated, and more versatile overall.
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Description
Test your knowledge on composites and their machining techniques with this quiz. Explore the advantages, limitations, and common applications of composite materials. Additionally, learn about machine tools used in shaping and processing these advanced materials.
