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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the epiphyseal plate?
What is contained within the medullary cavity of a long bone in adults?
Which layer of the periosteum is responsible for bone formation?
What type of cartilage is found at the epiphyseal surfaces of long bones?
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What happens to the epiphyseal plate when growth is completed?
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Which type of bone tissue primarily makes up the diaphysis of a long bone?
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Osteoclasts are primarily responsible for which function in bone tissue?
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Which type of joint is characterized by the presence of a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid?
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What is the main function of articular cartilage in synovial joints?
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Which type of synovial joint allows for rotation around a single axis?
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Which structural classification describes joints that are connected by fibrous connective tissue and lack a joint cavity?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a ball and socket joint?
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What is the function of osteoclasts in the bone?
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Which of the following best describes compact bone?
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What connects osteocytes to each other and to blood vessels in bone?
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Which statement about spongy bone is true?
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Which type of cartilage is characterized by having chondrocytes in lacunae?
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What type of joint classification is defined as immovable?
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What is a function of the ground substance found in bone?
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What connects blood vessels between the periosteum and the endosteum?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of hyaline cartilage?
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Where is spongy bone primarily found?
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Study Notes
Components of a Long Bone
- Long bones consist of the humerus, radius, ulna, fibula, tibia and femur
- Diaphysis: is the shaft of the bone composed of compact bone.
- Medullary cavity of the diaphysis: contains red bone marrow in children and yellow bone marrow in adults. Contains fat and is lined by endosteum
- Epiphysis: are the proximal and distal ends of the bone
- Epiphyseal plate: composed of hyaline cartilage and is the site of bone growth in length (endochondral ossification)
- Epiphyseal line: replaces the epiphyseal plate when growth is complete, appears as a line between diaphysis and epiphysis
- Endosteum: delicate connective tissue lining internal bone surfaces and canals, contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- Periosteum membrane: double membrane covering entire bone surface except joints, outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue and inner layer is osteogenic (contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts)
- Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage on epiphyseal surfaces preventing friction
Tissues of the Skeletal System
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Bone: can be compact or spongy and contains osteoprogenitor cells which give rise to osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
- Osteoblasts: build the matrix
- Osteocytes: maintain the matrix
- Osteoclasts: resorb (breakdown) the matrix
- The matrix of bone connective tissue consists of:
- Collagen fibers for flexibility
- Ground substance: hydroxyapetite crystals for strength (made of calcium phosphate salts)
- Water
Types of Bone
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Compact bone: found on exterior surfaces of all bones, structurally composed of osteons (Haversian Systems)
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Osteons: contain:
- Osteocytes: found in lacunae
- Lamellae: concentric rings of bone matrix with osteocytes between them
- Canaliculi: connect cells and blood vessels
- Haversian Canals: contain blood vessels and nerves, lined with endosteum
- Volkmann’s Canals: run perpendicular to Haversian canals, connect periosteum to endosteum, providing blood supply
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Osteons: contain:
-
Spongy bone: not organized into osteons, contains trabeculae (irregularly arranged lamellae with osteocytes)
- Found in the epiphyses of long bones and flat bones (skull, ribs)
- Spaces contain red bone marrow – produces blood cells and supplies blood to developing osteocytes
Hyaline Cartilage
- Contains chondrocytes (cells of cartilage) found in lacunae
- The matrix is composed of:
- Collagen fibers
- Ground substance: chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid
- Water
- Avascular tissue
Articulations and Joints
- Points of contact between two or more bones, classified by structure or function
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Functional classification: based on degree of movement
- Synarthrotic: immovable joints, e.g., sutures
- Amphiarthrotic: slightly moveable joints, e.g., pubic symphysis
- Diarthrotic: freely moveable joints, e.g., hip, knee, elbow, shoulder
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Structural classification: based on presence/absence of a joint cavity and the connecting tissue type
- Fibrous Joints: no joint cavity, composed of fibrous connective tissue, e.g., sutures
- Cartilaginous joints: no joint cavity, composed of cartilage, e.g., pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks
- Synovial joints: contain a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, bones held together by a joint cavity and ligaments, all diarthrotic joints are synovial, e.g., knee, shoulder, hip, elbow
Synovial Joints
- All synovial joints contain:
- Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage on bone ends, reduces friction
- Joint cavity: contains synovial fluid
- Joint capsule: outer fibrous connective tissue layer attached to periosteum, inner synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid
Types of Synovial Joints
- Classified by shape of articulating bones
- Gliding (plane): flat surfaces, e.g., sacroiliac joint
- Hinge: concave and convex surfaces, e.g., elbow, knee
- Pivot: e.g., odontoid process of the axis
- Ball and socket: head of femur and acetabulum (hip), head of humerus and glenoid fossa (shoulder), allows large freedom of movement
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Description
This quiz covers the essential components of long bones, including their structure and function. Learn about the diaphysis, epiphysis, and various membranes involved in bone tissue. Perfect for students studying anatomy or related fields.
