Complications of Meningococcal Infections
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Questions and Answers

Which syndrome has a dramatically higher incidence when meningococcemia is present?

  • Waterhouse-Friderichsen (correct)
  • Guillain-Barré
  • Kawasaki
  • Reye's

    • What is the overall mortality rate of community-acquired gram-negative meningitis since the introduction of third-generation cephalosporins?

  • Less than 20% (correct)
  • Less than 30%
  • Less than 40%
  • Less than 10%

    • Which disease is mentioned as having fewer complications compared to meningococcemia?

  • HIV/AIDS
  • Tuberculosis
  • Staphylococcal disease
  • Pneumococcal disease (correct)

    • Since the introduction of third-generation cephalosporins, what has been the impact on the mortality rate of community-acquired gram-negative meningitis?

    <p>Decreased to less than 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of meningitis has a mortality rate of less than 20% due to the use of third-generation cephalosporins?

    <p>Community-acquired gram-negative meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses can cause viral meningitis?

    <p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incidence rate of viral meningitis?

    <p>11 to 27 individuals per 100,000 people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which season do more cases of viral meningitis occur in some countries?

    <p>Summer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a virus that can cause viral meningitis?

    <p>Rhinovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these viruses is a common cause of viral meningitis?

    <p>HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is viral encephalitis?

    <p>An infection causing inflammation of the brain parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is viral encephalitis different from viral meningitis?

    <p>Encephalitis affects the brain parenchyma, while meningitis affects the meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical feature distinguishes viral encephalitis from viral meningitis?

    <p>Presence of neurologic abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions often occurs concurrently with viral encephalitis?

    <p>Viral meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is affected by viral encephalitis?

    <p>Brain parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the term 'aseptic meningitis' used?

    <p>Due to inability to isolate bacterial pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual clinical course of aseptic meningitis?

    <p>Short, benign, and self-limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection mentioned in the content is known for a protracted course?

    <p>Herpes simplex virus (HSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medications are typically used in the treatment of aseptic meningitis?

    <p>Pain or anti-inflammatory medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended supportive treatment for aseptic meningitis?

    <p>Rest and hydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is associated with lyssaviruses?

    <p>rabies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is an arbovirus?

    <p>Not specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During epidemics, arboviruses can account for what percentage of cases?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a virus cause?

    <p>hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is also known as HZV?

    <p>herpes zoster virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do HSV, rabies, and HZV reach the CNS?

    <p>Through retrograde travel along axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells do HSV, rabies, and HZV infect?

    <p>Neural cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the infection of neural cells by HSV, rabies, and HZV lead to?

    <p>Neurologic dysfunction and injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus has an affinity for the temporal lobe?

    <p>HSV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic of HSV, rabies, and HZV regarding their path to the CNS?

    <p>They use retrograde travel along axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diseases can vaccinations in the childhood schedule protect against?

    <p>Viral meningitis, measles, mumps, and chickenpox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to viral meningitis in children?

    <p>Certain infectious diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help protect against diseases carried by mosquitoes?

    <p>Avoiding insect bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to avoid bites from mosquitoes and other insects?

    <p>They can carry diseases that infect humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can childhood vaccinations prevent?

    <p>Viral meningitis, measles, mumps, and chickenpox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used for treating HSV disease?

    <p>Acyclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for CMV infections?

    <p>Ganciclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is used to manage enteroviral disease?

    <p>Pleconaril</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ganciclovir is prescribed for which type of infection?

    <p>CMV infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pleconaril is used to treat which type of disease?

    <p>Enteroviral disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an abscess?

    <p>A collection of pus neutrophils within a tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Usually, what causes an abscess?

    <p>Bacterial infection or foreign body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes can lead to the formation of an abscess?

    <p>Infectious process or foreign body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically associated with the formation of an abscess?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accumulates inside a tissue to form an abscess?

    <p>Pus neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What often shows a picture compatible with aseptic meningitis?

    <p>LP (Examination of CSF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic tool may show abnormalities?

    <p>CT scan and MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step in the diagnosis process?

    <p>Evaluation and treatment of the immediate life-threatening cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can provide imaging to identify abnormalities?

    <p>MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a lumbar puncture (LP) in diagnosing aseptic meningitis?

    <p>To examine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Complications

    • Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome incidence is dramatically higher when meningococcemia is present

    Mortality Rate

    • Community-acquired gram-negative meningitis mortality rate is less than 20% since the introduction of third-generation cephalosporins

    Viral Meningitis

    • Causes of viral meningitis include:
      • Arbovirus
      • Herpes simplex
      • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
      • Adenovirus
      • HIV
      • Measles virus
      • Varicella
    • Incidence: 11-27 cases per 100,000 people
    • More cases occur during summer months in some countries
    • Vaccinations in childhood schedule can protect against diseases leading to viral meningitis (measles, mumps, and chickenpox)
    • Avoiding insect bites can prevent diseases leading to viral meningitis
    • Clinical course of viral meningitis is short, benign, and self-limited, with complete recovery
    • Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections have a protracted course
    • Treatment includes rest, hydration, antipyretics, and pain or anti-inflammatory medications

    Viral Encephalitis

    • Is an infection resulting in inflammation of the brain parenchyma
    • Different from viral meningitis, with neurologic abnormalities present in encephalitis
    • Causes include:
      • Viruses (arboviruses, HSV, herpes zoster virus, EBV, CMV, rabies)
      • Arboviruses account for 50% of cases during epidemics
    • HSV, rabies, and HZV reach the CNS through retrograde travel along axons
    • These viruses infect neural cells, leading to neurologic dysfunction and injury
    • HSV has an affinity for the temporal lobe

    Diagnosis

    • Evaluation and treatment of immediate life-threatening cause
    • LP examination of CSF often shows a picture compatible with aseptic meningitis
    • CT scan and MRI may show abnormalities

    Treatment

    • HSV disease: Acyclovir
    • CMV infections: Ganciclovir
    • Enteroviral disease: Pleconaril

    Abscess

    • Is a collection of pus and neutrophils accumulated within a tissue
    • Response to either an infectious process (usually caused by bacteria or foreign body)

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    Description

    Learn about the complications of meningococcal infections, including mortality rates and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.

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