Complications of Meningococcal Infections
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Questions and Answers

Which syndrome has a dramatically higher incidence when meningococcemia is present?

  • Waterhouse-Friderichsen (correct)
  • Guillain-Barré
  • Kawasaki
  • Reye's

What is the overall mortality rate of community-acquired gram-negative meningitis since the introduction of third-generation cephalosporins?

  • Less than 20% (correct)
  • Less than 30%
  • Less than 40%
  • Less than 10%

Which disease is mentioned as having fewer complications compared to meningococcemia?

  • HIV/AIDS
  • Tuberculosis
  • Staphylococcal disease
  • Pneumococcal disease (correct)

Since the introduction of third-generation cephalosporins, what has been the impact on the mortality rate of community-acquired gram-negative meningitis?

<p>Decreased to less than 20% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of meningitis has a mortality rate of less than 20% due to the use of third-generation cephalosporins?

<p>Community-acquired gram-negative meningitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses can cause viral meningitis?

<p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incidence rate of viral meningitis?

<p>11 to 27 individuals per 100,000 people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which season do more cases of viral meningitis occur in some countries?

<p>Summer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a virus that can cause viral meningitis?

<p>Rhinovirus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these viruses is a common cause of viral meningitis?

<p>HIV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is viral encephalitis?

<p>An infection causing inflammation of the brain parenchyma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is viral encephalitis different from viral meningitis?

<p>Encephalitis affects the brain parenchyma, while meningitis affects the meninges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What clinical feature distinguishes viral encephalitis from viral meningitis?

<p>Presence of neurologic abnormalities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions often occurs concurrently with viral encephalitis?

<p>Viral meningitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is affected by viral encephalitis?

<p>Brain parenchyma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the term 'aseptic meningitis' used?

<p>Due to inability to isolate bacterial pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual clinical course of aseptic meningitis?

<p>Short, benign, and self-limited (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which infection mentioned in the content is known for a protracted course?

<p>Herpes simplex virus (HSV) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of medications are typically used in the treatment of aseptic meningitis?

<p>Pain or anti-inflammatory medications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended supportive treatment for aseptic meningitis?

<p>Rest and hydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is associated with lyssaviruses?

<p>rabies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is an arbovirus?

<p>Not specified (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During epidemics, arboviruses can account for what percentage of cases?

<p>50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a virus cause?

<p>hepatitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is also known as HZV?

<p>herpes zoster virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do HSV, rabies, and HZV reach the CNS?

<p>Through retrograde travel along axons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells do HSV, rabies, and HZV infect?

<p>Neural cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can the infection of neural cells by HSV, rabies, and HZV lead to?

<p>Neurologic dysfunction and injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus has an affinity for the temporal lobe?

<p>HSV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common characteristic of HSV, rabies, and HZV regarding their path to the CNS?

<p>They use retrograde travel along axons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What diseases can vaccinations in the childhood schedule protect against?

<p>Viral meningitis, measles, mumps, and chickenpox (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to viral meningitis in children?

<p>Certain infectious diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can help protect against diseases carried by mosquitoes?

<p>Avoiding insect bites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to avoid bites from mosquitoes and other insects?

<p>They can carry diseases that infect humans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can childhood vaccinations prevent?

<p>Viral meningitis, measles, mumps, and chickenpox (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used for treating HSV disease?

<p>Acyclovir (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for CMV infections?

<p>Ganciclovir (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used to manage enteroviral disease?

<p>Pleconaril (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ganciclovir is prescribed for which type of infection?

<p>CMV infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pleconaril is used to treat which type of disease?

<p>Enteroviral disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an abscess?

<p>A collection of pus neutrophils within a tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Usually, what causes an abscess?

<p>Bacterial infection or foreign body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes can lead to the formation of an abscess?

<p>Infectious process or foreign body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with the formation of an abscess?

<p>Viral infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What accumulates inside a tissue to form an abscess?

<p>Pus neutrophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What often shows a picture compatible with aseptic meningitis?

<p>LP (Examination of CSF) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic tool may show abnormalities?

<p>CT scan and MRI (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in the diagnosis process?

<p>Evaluation and treatment of the immediate life-threatening cause (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can provide imaging to identify abnormalities?

<p>MRI (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a lumbar puncture (LP) in diagnosing aseptic meningitis?

<p>To examine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Complications

  • Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome incidence is dramatically higher when meningococcemia is present

Mortality Rate

  • Community-acquired gram-negative meningitis mortality rate is less than 20% since the introduction of third-generation cephalosporins

Viral Meningitis

  • Causes of viral meningitis include:
    • Arbovirus
    • Herpes simplex
    • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
    • Adenovirus
    • HIV
    • Measles virus
    • Varicella
  • Incidence: 11-27 cases per 100,000 people
  • More cases occur during summer months in some countries
  • Vaccinations in childhood schedule can protect against diseases leading to viral meningitis (measles, mumps, and chickenpox)
  • Avoiding insect bites can prevent diseases leading to viral meningitis
  • Clinical course of viral meningitis is short, benign, and self-limited, with complete recovery
  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections have a protracted course
  • Treatment includes rest, hydration, antipyretics, and pain or anti-inflammatory medications

Viral Encephalitis

  • Is an infection resulting in inflammation of the brain parenchyma
  • Different from viral meningitis, with neurologic abnormalities present in encephalitis
  • Causes include:
    • Viruses (arboviruses, HSV, herpes zoster virus, EBV, CMV, rabies)
    • Arboviruses account for 50% of cases during epidemics
  • HSV, rabies, and HZV reach the CNS through retrograde travel along axons
  • These viruses infect neural cells, leading to neurologic dysfunction and injury
  • HSV has an affinity for the temporal lobe

Diagnosis

  • Evaluation and treatment of immediate life-threatening cause
  • LP examination of CSF often shows a picture compatible with aseptic meningitis
  • CT scan and MRI may show abnormalities

Treatment

  • HSV disease: Acyclovir
  • CMV infections: Ganciclovir
  • Enteroviral disease: Pleconaril

Abscess

  • Is a collection of pus and neutrophils accumulated within a tissue
  • Response to either an infectious process (usually caused by bacteria or foreign body)

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Learn about the complications of meningococcal infections, including mortality rates and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.

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