Questions and Answers
Which syndrome has a dramatically higher incidence when meningococcemia is present?
What is the overall mortality rate of community-acquired gram-negative meningitis since the introduction of third-generation cephalosporins?
Which disease is mentioned as having fewer complications compared to meningococcemia?
Since the introduction of third-generation cephalosporins, what has been the impact on the mortality rate of community-acquired gram-negative meningitis?
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What type of meningitis has a mortality rate of less than 20% due to the use of third-generation cephalosporins?
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Which of the following viruses can cause viral meningitis?
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What is the incidence rate of viral meningitis?
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During which season do more cases of viral meningitis occur in some countries?
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Which of the following is NOT a virus that can cause viral meningitis?
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Which of these viruses is a common cause of viral meningitis?
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What is viral encephalitis?
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How is viral encephalitis different from viral meningitis?
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What clinical feature distinguishes viral encephalitis from viral meningitis?
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Which of the following conditions often occurs concurrently with viral encephalitis?
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Which part of the brain is affected by viral encephalitis?
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Why is the term 'aseptic meningitis' used?
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What is the usual clinical course of aseptic meningitis?
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Which infection mentioned in the content is known for a protracted course?
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What type of medications are typically used in the treatment of aseptic meningitis?
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Which of the following is a recommended supportive treatment for aseptic meningitis?
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Which virus is associated with lyssaviruses?
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Which virus is an arbovirus?
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During epidemics, arboviruses can account for what percentage of cases?
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Which of the following is NOT listed as a virus cause?
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Which virus is also known as HZV?
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How do HSV, rabies, and HZV reach the CNS?
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What type of cells do HSV, rabies, and HZV infect?
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What can the infection of neural cells by HSV, rabies, and HZV lead to?
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Which virus has an affinity for the temporal lobe?
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What is the common characteristic of HSV, rabies, and HZV regarding their path to the CNS?
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What diseases can vaccinations in the childhood schedule protect against?
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What can lead to viral meningitis in children?
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What can help protect against diseases carried by mosquitoes?
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Why is it important to avoid bites from mosquitoes and other insects?
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What can childhood vaccinations prevent?
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Which medication is used for treating HSV disease?
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What is the recommended treatment for CMV infections?
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Which of the following drugs is used to manage enteroviral disease?
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Ganciclovir is prescribed for which type of infection?
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Pleconaril is used to treat which type of disease?
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What is an abscess?
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Usually, what causes an abscess?
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Which of the following processes can lead to the formation of an abscess?
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Which of the following is NOT typically associated with the formation of an abscess?
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What accumulates inside a tissue to form an abscess?
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What often shows a picture compatible with aseptic meningitis?
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Which diagnostic tool may show abnormalities?
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What is the initial step in the diagnosis process?
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Which of the following can provide imaging to identify abnormalities?
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What is the purpose of a lumbar puncture (LP) in diagnosing aseptic meningitis?
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Study Notes
Complications
- Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome incidence is dramatically higher when meningococcemia is present
Mortality Rate
- Community-acquired gram-negative meningitis mortality rate is less than 20% since the introduction of third-generation cephalosporins
Viral Meningitis
- Causes of viral meningitis include:
- Arbovirus
- Herpes simplex
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Adenovirus
- HIV
- Measles virus
- Varicella
- Incidence: 11-27 cases per 100,000 people
- More cases occur during summer months in some countries
- Vaccinations in childhood schedule can protect against diseases leading to viral meningitis (measles, mumps, and chickenpox)
- Avoiding insect bites can prevent diseases leading to viral meningitis
- Clinical course of viral meningitis is short, benign, and self-limited, with complete recovery
- Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections have a protracted course
- Treatment includes rest, hydration, antipyretics, and pain or anti-inflammatory medications
Viral Encephalitis
- Is an infection resulting in inflammation of the brain parenchyma
- Different from viral meningitis, with neurologic abnormalities present in encephalitis
- Causes include:
- Viruses (arboviruses, HSV, herpes zoster virus, EBV, CMV, rabies)
- Arboviruses account for 50% of cases during epidemics
- HSV, rabies, and HZV reach the CNS through retrograde travel along axons
- These viruses infect neural cells, leading to neurologic dysfunction and injury
- HSV has an affinity for the temporal lobe
Diagnosis
- Evaluation and treatment of immediate life-threatening cause
- LP examination of CSF often shows a picture compatible with aseptic meningitis
- CT scan and MRI may show abnormalities
Treatment
- HSV disease: Acyclovir
- CMV infections: Ganciclovir
- Enteroviral disease: Pleconaril
Abscess
- Is a collection of pus and neutrophils accumulated within a tissue
- Response to either an infectious process (usually caused by bacteria or foreign body)
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Description
Learn about the complications of meningococcal infections, including mortality rates and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.