Complications in Pregnancy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which condition is characterized by vaginal bleeding during the first half of pregnancy without cervical dilatation?

  • Complete abortion
  • Inevitable abortion
  • Missed abortion
  • Threatened abortion (correct)
  • What is the most common site of ectopic pregnancy?

  • Fallopian tube (correct)
  • Cervix
  • Peritoneal cavity
  • Ovary
  • Which of the following diagnostic tests can help rule out ectopic pregnancy?

  • Transvaginal sonography (TVS) (correct)
  • Urinalysis
  • Pregnancy test
  • CBC test
  • Which symptom may indicate a rupture in the case of ectopic pregnancy?

    <p>One-sided abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RhoGAM is administered to which group of women experiencing bleeding during pregnancy?

    <p>Only unsensitized Rh-negative women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial treatment for an unruptured ectopic pregnancy that is 3.5 cm in size?

    <p>Methotrexate IM or IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH)?

    <p>Multiple gestation (twinning)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most commonly associated with abruptio placentae?

    <p>Hypertonic uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is specifically useful for detecting the presence of fetal hemoglobin in cases of fetomaternal hemorrhage?

    <p>Kleihauer-Betke (KB) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary intervention for a complete abruptio placentae with severe bleeding?

    <p>Immediate vaginal or C-section delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines preeclampsia in a pregnant woman?

    <p>Hypertension with proteinuria and edema or significant weight gain after 20 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is eclampsia diagnosed in relation to pregnancy timelines?

    <p>From the 20th week of gestation to 1 month after delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood pressure criteria for severe preeclampsia?

    <p>BP ≥ 160/110</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is not typically associated with severe preeclampsia?

    <p>Persistent cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding is characteristic of HELLP syndrome?

    <p>Elevated liver enzymes and low platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a diagnostic criterion for hypertension in pregnancy?

    <p>A 20-mm Hg increase in systolic or 10-mm Hg diastolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary trigger for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Uterine rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory abnormality is associated with DIC?

    <p>Elevated prothrombin time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ultimately results from the coagulation process in DIC?

    <p>Increased risk of ischemia and necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of DIC that distinguishes it from other conditions?

    <p>Petechiae and purpura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is specifically used to increase clotting time in DIC?

    <p>Anticoagulation therapy (heparin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may lead to impaired swallowing reflex in newborns?

    <p>Fetal hydrops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which labor type is characterized by rapid progression from onset to delivery, typically occurring within 3 hours?

    <p>Precipitate labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a serious misconception regarding DIC's symptoms?

    <p>Confusing it with gastrointestinal upset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of an undelivered prolapsed umbilical cord during labor?

    <p>Hypoxia and bradycardia in the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of untreated DIC?

    <p>Higher risk of major organ failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which replacement product is indicated for increasing fibrinogen levels in DIC management?

    <p>Cryoprecipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initial management step is required for a patient experiencing a prolapsed umbilical cord?

    <p>Elevate the presenting part off the cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario is NOT associated with premature rupture of membranes (PROM)?

    <p>Active labor initiated without rupture of membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is typically decreased in a DIC panel?

    <p>Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is commonly increased in a DIC panel, indicating fibrinolysis?

    <p>Fibrin split products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of Rh incompatibility, what is the primary purpose of administering RhoGAM?

    <p>To prevent maternal antibodies from attacking fetal red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of Rh disease in newborns?

    <p>Congenital heart defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a mother is Rh- and has an Rh+ partner, when should she receive the first dose of RhoGAM during her pregnancy?

    <p>At 26 to 28 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym CHEAP TORCHES stand for in relation to congenital infections?

    <p>Common causes of congenital and neonatal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does nulligravida refer to in obstetric terminology?

    <p>A woman who has never been pregnant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection is NOT included in the CHEAP TORCHES acronym?

    <p>Cytomegalovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of mothers with Rh incompatibility show an increased prothrombin time according to standard findings?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe a woman who has never been pregnant?

    <p>Nulligravida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which definition correctly describes 'multipara'?

    <p>A woman who has given birth multiple times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'grand multipara' signify?

    <p>A woman who has given birth 25 times or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is associated with a pregnancy that results in the delivery of a fetus at or beyond 20 weeks gestation?

    <p>Para</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gestational period usually defined as?

    <p>38 to 48 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly associated with polyhydramnios?

    <p>Tracheoesophageal fistula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a nullipara?

    <p>A woman who has not given birth after 20 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'primigravida' indicate about a woman?

    <p>She is currently having her first pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polyhydramnios can lead to which of the following complications?

    <p>Increased fetal anomalies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one outcome associated with polyhydramnios?

    <p>Preterm labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Complications in Pregnancy

    Spontaneous Abortion

    • Vaginal bleeding in the first trimester can signal spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic disease, or infection.
    • Types of abortion:
      • Threatened: Bleeding without cervical dilation.
      • Inevitable: Bleeding with cervical dilation.
      • Incomplete: Partial loss of conception products.
      • Complete: All conception products lost before 20 weeks.
      • Missed: Fetal death without loss of products.
      • Septic: Abortion associated with infection.
    • Diagnostic tests include pelvic examination, CBC, Rh factor, antibody screen, urinalysis, and ultrasound.
    • Treatments involve suctioning, evacuation for incomplete abortions, and RhoGAM for unsensitized Rh-negative women.

    Ectopic Pregnancy

    • Occurs when a fertilized ovum implants outside the uterus, commonly in the fallopian tubes.
    • Diagnosis involves vaginal exam, pregnancy tests, and transvaginal sonography.
    • An increasing progesterone level above 22 ng/mL helps rule out ectopic pregnancy.

    Symptoms and Treatment

    • Early symptoms of pregnancy include amenorrhea, breast tenderness, and nausea.
    • Rupture symptoms are unilateral abdominal pain, decreased hemoglobin, and shoulder pain.
    • Treatment for unruptured ectopic pregnancies includes methotrexate or surgical options like salpingostomy.

    Fetomaternal Hemorrhage

    • Fetomaternal hemorrhage occurs without symptoms yet can lead to severe consequences if massive (> 30 mL) hemorrhage occurs.
    • The Kleihauer-Betke test is used to assess fetal blood presence in maternal circulation.

    Abruptio Placentae

    • The placenta prematurely detaches from the uterus, often related to maternal hypertension or cocaine use.
    • Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, a tender uterus, increased resting tone, and possible fetal distress.
    • Treatment includes consultations, fluid resuscitation, and potential delivery.

    Placenta Previa

    • Occurs when the placenta implants over or near the cervical os, increasing the risk of bleeding.
    • Diagnosis is made through ultrasound; digital examinations should be avoided to prevent hemorrhage.

    Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

    • Hypertension: Defined by BP > 140/90. Can be chronic or transient without signs of preeclampsia.
    • Preeclampsia: Hypertension with proteinuria and edema; severe cases see BP ≥ 160/110.
    • Eclampsia: Preeclampsia with seizures.
    • HELLP Syndrome: Involves hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets.

    Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

    • Triggered by conditions like abruptio placentae and eclampsia; involves both clotting and hemorrhage.
    • Symptoms include bleeding, hypotension, and petechiae.
    • Treatment focuses on the underlying cause and may include blood product replacement and anticoagulation therapy.

    DIC Panel

    • Test results indicate decreased clotting materials and prolonged clotting times.
    • Essential markers include increased D-Dimer, decreased fibrinogen, and platelet counts.

    Rh Incompatibility

    • Occurs when an Rh-negative mother has an Rh-positive fetus, risking hemolytic disease.
    • RhoGAM injections are utilized to prevent the mother's sensitization.
    • Dosage is 300 µg at 26-28 weeks and post-delivery for Rh-negative women.

    Congenital Infections (CHEAP TORCHES)

    • CHEAP TORCHES acronym includes:
      • Chickenpox, Hepatitis, Enteroviruses, AIDS, Parvovirus, Toxoplasmosis.
    • Represents common causes of congenital infections that could affect fetal development.

    Pregnancy Terms

    • Gravida: Total number of pregnancies.
    • Nulligravida: Woman who has never been pregnant.
    • Primigravida: First pregnancy.
    • Multipara: Multiple pregnancies.
    • Term: Duration of pregnancy from 38 to 48 weeks.

    Central Nervous System Anomalies

    • Associated with impaired swallowing and cardiovascular issues, alongside factors like twin-twin transfusion syndrome and macrosomia.

    Precipitous Labor

    • Defined as delivery within ≤3 hours of labor onset, often linked with complications for the fetus like low Apgar scores and aspiration risks.

    Management of Emergency Birth

    • Prolapse of the umbilical cord can compromise fetal blood flow, necessitating immediate interventions such as C-section preparation.

    Induction of Labor

    • Indicated for conditions including diabetes and post-term gestation, involves methods like membrane stripping and oxytocin infusion.

    Cesarean Section

    • Performed under specific indications like fetal distress or dystocia, generally using regional anesthesia to minimize risks.

    Fetal Presentation

    • Variations include cephalic, breech, and shoulder presentations, which may complicate delivery processes.### Labor and Delivery Techniques
    • Coaching the mother on effective breathing methods is essential; "pant like a puppy" is a recommended technique during crowning.
    • Consideration of perineum integrity is crucial during delivery to minimize trauma.
    • Episiotomy, though often avoided, may become necessary due to several factors:
      • Fetal malposition may hinder safe delivery.
      • Anticipating a larger baby's delivery increases risk.
      • Shoulder dystocia can arise, preventing the anterior shoulder from passing below the symphysis pubis.
      • Poor elasticity in perineal tissue can complicate delivery.
      • Inadequate control over the mother’s expulsive efforts may necessitate an intervention.

    Placental Delivery

    • The placenta typically delivers within 5 to 30 minutes after the fetus has been born.
    • Placental separation is initiated by the reduction in uterine size, leading to the detachment process.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on complications during pregnancy, including spontaneous abortion and ectopic pregnancy. This quiz covers types of abortions, diagnostic tests, and treatment methods. Perfect for students in healthcare or medical fields.

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