Complications and Side Effects of Fluid Overload

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Questions and Answers

What is the consequence of fluid overload in the brain?

  • Seizures (correct)
  • Tetany
  • Hypertension
  • Peripheral edema

Which condition may result from changes in plasma calcium levels?

  • Arrhythmias
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Coma
  • Tetany (correct)

In severe cases of electrolyte imbalance, what life-threatening condition may occur?

  • Arrhythmias (correct)
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Peripheral edema
  • Confusion

What is the effect of hyperkalemia on the body?

<p>Cardiac conduction defects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom may indicate pulmonary edema due to fluid overload?

<p>Breathlessness and frothy sputum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when water moves into cells due to excess fluid distribution?

<p>Intracellular cell swelling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of allergic reaction is primarily due to IgE antibody mediated release of mediators from mast cells and basophils?

<p>Immediate hypersensitivity reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor increases infection risk associated with central venous access devices?

<p>Duration of catheterization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antiseptic usage is a potential source of allergic reactions in IV therapy?

<p>Antiseptic used to clean the site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of increased infection risk with CVC as compared to peripherally inserted intravenous catheters?

<p>Catheter type (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is useful in determining an allergic cause of a particular adverse event?

<p>Cross-reactivity patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte can have a conscious decision made to accept a certain degree of depletion?

<p>Potassium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction may vary from mild erythema to severe bronchospasm and anaphylactic shock?

<p>Anaphylactic reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate of infection for central venous access devices?

<p>0.5 to 23.6 episodes per 1,000 catheter days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of infection with CVC as compared to peripherally inserted intravenous catheters?

<p>3-4 fold increased risk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor increases infection risk associated with central venous access devices and may be reduced by using single dose containers rather than multi-dose vials?

<p>Preservatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum water-excreting capacity of a kidney in an individual with normal renal function?

<p>About 800-1000 ml/h (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of a 1L normal saline infusion will be retained in the body?

<p>66% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are isotonic to hypertonic solutions of glucose in water clinically inferior for the treatment of extracellular volume depletion?

<p>Due to their sustained retention within the body and obligatory reequilibration with extracellular sodium, leading to increased total body sodium and no effective volume expansion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal practice for fluid and electrolyte administration?

<p>A written fluid and electrolyte prescription should be used, and reviewed at least daily (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a clue to a significant complication in a mismanaged case of fluid and electrolyte therapy?

<p>Both a patient's failure to improve as expected and the appearance of unexplained new symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main determinant of plasma osmolality?

<p>Plasma sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms caused by hyponatremic encephalopathy?

<p>Range from a subtle confusion to seizures and coma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be the cause of dilutional hyponatremia?

<p>Excess water administration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be the consequence of allowing plasma sodium to rise too rapidly?

<p>Osmotic demyelination of cerebral neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common problem in acute medical emergencies?

<p>Fluid overload (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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