26 Questions
What is the consequence of fluid overload in the brain?
Seizures
Which condition may result from changes in plasma calcium levels?
Tetany
In severe cases of electrolyte imbalance, what life-threatening condition may occur?
Arrhythmias
What is the effect of hyperkalemia on the body?
Cardiac conduction defects
Which symptom may indicate pulmonary edema due to fluid overload?
Breathlessness and frothy sputum
What happens when water moves into cells due to excess fluid distribution?
Intracellular cell swelling
Which type of allergic reaction is primarily due to IgE antibody mediated release of mediators from mast cells and basophils?
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions
Which factor increases infection risk associated with central venous access devices?
Duration of catheterization
Which antiseptic usage is a potential source of allergic reactions in IV therapy?
Antiseptic used to clean the site
What is the primary cause of increased infection risk with CVC as compared to peripherally inserted intravenous catheters?
Catheter type
Which test is useful in determining an allergic cause of a particular adverse event?
Cross-reactivity patterns
Which electrolyte can have a conscious decision made to accept a certain degree of depletion?
Potassium
Which type of reaction may vary from mild erythema to severe bronchospasm and anaphylactic shock?
Anaphylactic reactions
What is the rate of infection for central venous access devices?
0.5 to 23.6 episodes per 1,000 catheter days
What is the risk of infection with CVC as compared to peripherally inserted intravenous catheters?
3-4 fold increased risk
Which factor increases infection risk associated with central venous access devices and may be reduced by using single dose containers rather than multi-dose vials?
Preservatives
What is the maximum water-excreting capacity of a kidney in an individual with normal renal function?
About 800-1000 ml/h
What percentage of a 1L normal saline infusion will be retained in the body?
66%
Why are isotonic to hypertonic solutions of glucose in water clinically inferior for the treatment of extracellular volume depletion?
Due to their sustained retention within the body and obligatory reequilibration with extracellular sodium, leading to increased total body sodium and no effective volume expansion
What is the ideal practice for fluid and electrolyte administration?
A written fluid and electrolyte prescription should be used, and reviewed at least daily
What can be a clue to a significant complication in a mismanaged case of fluid and electrolyte therapy?
Both a patient's failure to improve as expected and the appearance of unexplained new symptoms
What is the main determinant of plasma osmolality?
Plasma sodium
What are the symptoms caused by hyponatremic encephalopathy?
Range from a subtle confusion to seizures and coma
What can be the cause of dilutional hyponatremia?
Excess water administration
What can be the consequence of allowing plasma sodium to rise too rapidly?
Osmotic demyelination of cerebral neurons
What is a common problem in acute medical emergencies?
Fluid overload
Learn about complications related to fluid overload, such as reduction in osmotic gradient and cell swelling. Understand the impact of hypotonic solutions on cell membranes and the sensitivity of the brain to cell swelling.
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