Complications and Side Effects of Fluid Overload

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What is the consequence of fluid overload in the brain?

Seizures (correct)

Tetany

Hypertension

Peripheral edema

Which condition may result from changes in plasma calcium levels?

Arrhythmias

Pulmonary edema

Coma

Tetany (correct)

In severe cases of electrolyte imbalance, what life-threatening condition may occur?

Arrhythmias (correct)

Pulmonary edema

Peripheral edema

Confusion

What is the effect of hyperkalemia on the body?

Cardiac conduction defects Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom may indicate pulmonary edema due to fluid overload?

Breathlessness and frothy sputum Signup and view all the answers

What happens when water moves into cells due to excess fluid distribution?

Intracellular cell swelling Signup and view all the answers

Which type of allergic reaction is primarily due to IgE antibody mediated release of mediators from mast cells and basophils?

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions Signup and view all the answers

Which factor increases infection risk associated with central venous access devices?

Duration of catheterization Signup and view all the answers

Which antiseptic usage is a potential source of allergic reactions in IV therapy?

Antiseptic used to clean the site Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of increased infection risk with CVC as compared to peripherally inserted intravenous catheters?

Catheter type Signup and view all the answers

Which test is useful in determining an allergic cause of a particular adverse event?

Cross-reactivity patterns Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte can have a conscious decision made to accept a certain degree of depletion?

Potassium Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction may vary from mild erythema to severe bronchospasm and anaphylactic shock?

Anaphylactic reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate of infection for central venous access devices?

0.5 to 23.6 episodes per 1,000 catheter days Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of infection with CVC as compared to peripherally inserted intravenous catheters?

3-4 fold increased risk Signup and view all the answers

Which factor increases infection risk associated with central venous access devices and may be reduced by using single dose containers rather than multi-dose vials?

Preservatives Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum water-excreting capacity of a kidney in an individual with normal renal function?

About 800-1000 ml/h Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of a 1L normal saline infusion will be retained in the body?

66% Signup and view all the answers

Why are isotonic to hypertonic solutions of glucose in water clinically inferior for the treatment of extracellular volume depletion?

Due to their sustained retention within the body and obligatory reequilibration with extracellular sodium, leading to increased total body sodium and no effective volume expansion Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal practice for fluid and electrolyte administration?

A written fluid and electrolyte prescription should be used, and reviewed at least daily Signup and view all the answers

What can be a clue to a significant complication in a mismanaged case of fluid and electrolyte therapy?

Both a patient's failure to improve as expected and the appearance of unexplained new symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the main determinant of plasma osmolality?

Plasma sodium Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms caused by hyponatremic encephalopathy?

Range from a subtle confusion to seizures and coma Signup and view all the answers

What can be the cause of dilutional hyponatremia?

Excess water administration Signup and view all the answers

What can be the consequence of allowing plasma sodium to rise too rapidly?

Osmotic demyelination of cerebral neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is a common problem in acute medical emergencies?

Fluid overload Signup and view all the answers