Complexity: William Paley vs Evolution of Complex Adaptations

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What is the term used to describe when the hereditary material consists of discrete particles (genes)?

Principle of Segregation (correct)

Principle of Dominance

Dihybrid Cross

Monohybrid Cross

What is the term used to describe when a plant has the same alleles for a particular trait?

Dominant

Recessive

Homozygous (correct)

Heterozygous

What ratio did Mendel observe in the second generation (F2) of the monohybrid cross?

9:3:3:1

1:1

2:1

3:1 (correct)

What did Mendel realize about how a plant passes its genes to its offspring?

The plant passes on one of its two alleles for each trait to its offspring, like a coin flip. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a trait that is expressed phenotypically?

Dominant Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a trait that is not expressed phenotypically, but can still be passed down?

Recessive Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the generation of new biological variability?

Mutation Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the alteration in the phenotypic expression of genes without changing the DNA structure?

Hidden variation Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted systematic experiments on garden peas between 1856-63?

Gregor Mendel Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of heredity?

Gene Signup and view all the answers

What term describes variants of a gene?

Alleles Signup and view all the answers

In Mendel's experiments, what were cultivated to study the results of crosses?

True breeding lines Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Mendelian inheritance?

There are only two possible alleles for a gene. Signup and view all the answers

In Mendelian inheritance, how are genotype and phenotype related?

Genotype directly determines phenotype. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a genetic disorder that follows Mendelian inheritance?

Cystic fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

How many alleles are there typically for a gene in a Mendelian inheritance pattern?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for the diversity of phenotypes observed in individuals according to Mendelian inheritance?

Both genetic makeup and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why human genetic variation is typically more complex than simple Mendelian inheritance?

Variation in allele frequencies among populations Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument presented by William Paley regarding the existence of complex adaptations?

Complex adaptations, such as a watch, demand an explanation in terms of design, while simpler objects, like stones, can be explained by physical processes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the statement "what good is 5% of an eye?" in the context of the evolution of complex adaptations?

It highlights the problem of irreducible complexity, where intermediate stages of complex adaptations may not be beneficial. Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of new biological variation upon which natural selection acts?

Random mutations that generate both continuous and discontinuous variations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the statement "Natural selection is not equivalent to 'random chance'" in the context of the evolution of complex adaptations?

It highlights that natural selection is a non-random process that acts on the random variations generated by mutations. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the problems Darwin could not solve regarding the evolution of complex adaptations?

How natural selection can extend the range of variation beyond existing limits. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Mendel's work on particulate inheritance?

It offered a system for the inheritance of biological information, addressing Darwin's question about trait inheritance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of independent assortment?

The segregation of one pair of alleles does not affect the segregation of alleles for other traits. Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenotypic ratio of the F1 generation for the dihybrid cross described in the text?

9 Round, Yellow : 3 Round, Green : 3 Wrinkled, Yellow : 1 Wrinkled, Green Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotypic ratio of the F1 generation for the dihybrid cross described in the text?

1 RRYY : 2 RRYy : 1 RRyy : 2 RrYY : 4 RrYy : 2 Rryy : 1 rrYY : 2 rrYy : 1 rryy Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of an offspring from the F1 generation having the phenotype Wrinkled, Green?

1/4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotype of the gametes produced by the F1 generation?

RY, Ry, rY, ry Signup and view all the answers