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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of creating an artificial entity in the first approach?
What is the purpose of creating an artificial entity in the first approach?
How does the quad approach differ from the triple approach in entity representation?
How does the quad approach differ from the triple approach in entity representation?
Which of the following describes a challenge of using an object-relational data model?
Which of the following describes a challenge of using an object-relational data model?
What is a user-defined type in an object-relational database system?
What is a user-defined type in an object-relational database system?
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What does object-relational mapping provide?
What does object-relational mapping provide?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of linked open data projects?
Which of the following is NOT an example of linked open data projects?
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What are 'table types' used for in object-relational databases?
What are 'table types' used for in object-relational databases?
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What is a key advantage of semi-structured data models over traditional relational models?
What is a key advantage of semi-structured data models over traditional relational models?
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Which data type allows for the storage of multiple values in an object-relational database system?
Which data type allows for the storage of multiple values in an object-relational database system?
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Which of the following best describes a key-value map in semi-structured data?
Which of the following best describes a key-value map in semi-structured data?
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What is a distinguishing feature of JSON compared to XML?
What is a distinguishing feature of JSON compared to XML?
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Which feature of semi-structured data allows for different tuples to have varying attributes?
Which feature of semi-structured data allows for different tuples to have varying attributes?
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Why are JSON and XML commonly used in data exchange?
Why are JSON and XML commonly used in data exchange?
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Which of the following best describes the structure of a JSON object?
Which of the following best describes the structure of a JSON object?
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What does the JSON aggregate function 'json_agg' do in PostgreSQL?
What does the JSON aggregate function 'json_agg' do in PostgreSQL?
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How do arrays improve data representation in scientific applications?
How do arrays improve data representation in scientific applications?
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What is a characteristic of multi-valued attribute types in semi-structured data?
What is a characteristic of multi-valued attribute types in semi-structured data?
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What type of data does the RDF format utilize for representation?
What type of data does the RDF format utilize for representation?
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Which of the following statements best describes sparse column representation?
Which of the following statements best describes sparse column representation?
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Which statement about XML is true?
Which statement about XML is true?
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What is a common use of BSON in data storage?
What is a common use of BSON in data storage?
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What is the main purpose of using web services in the context of semi-structured data?
What is the main purpose of using web services in the context of semi-structured data?
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What are the primary data types supported in JSON?
What are the primary data types supported in JSON?
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Which language is developed to query nested XML data?
Which language is developed to query nested XML data?
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What can be inferred about the object with ID '00128' based on the provided triples?
What can be inferred about the object with ID '00128' based on the provided triples?
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Which of the following triples accurately describes the relationship between 'CS-101' and 'Comp.Sci.'?
Which of the following triples accurately describes the relationship between 'CS-101' and 'Comp.Sci.'?
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Which characterizes the flexible schema model referenced in the content?
Which characterizes the flexible schema model referenced in the content?
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In the SPARQL query provided, what does the variable '?cid' represent?
In the SPARQL query provided, what does the variable '?cid' represent?
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Which of the following is NOT included in the edges between nodes in the knowledge graph?
Which of the following is NOT included in the edges between nodes in the knowledge graph?
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What does the instance 'comp_sci' represent in the triples?
What does the instance 'comp_sci' represent in the triples?
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How are relationships between objects represented in RDF?
How are relationships between objects represented in RDF?
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Which of the following attributes is associated with the instructor 'Srinivasan'?
Which of the following attributes is associated with the instructor 'Srinivasan'?
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What information can a linestring represent in a two-dimensional space?
What information can a linestring represent in a two-dimensional space?
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How is a triangle represented in a geometric database?
How is a triangle represented in a geometric database?
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In a geographic information system, what is a primary function of geometric data?
In a geographic information system, what is a primary function of geometric data?
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What is a convex polygon usually represented by?
What is a convex polygon usually represented by?
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What additional component is included in the representation of points in 3-D space compared to 2-D space?
What additional component is included in the representation of points in 3-D space compared to 2-D space?
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Which geometric construct can be approximated by partitioning it into a sequence of line segments?
Which geometric construct can be approximated by partitioning it into a sequence of line segments?
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What type of geometric primitive allows curves to be represented in some systems?
What type of geometric primitive allows curves to be represented in some systems?
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Which of the following best describes a multipolygon in a database?
Which of the following best describes a multipolygon in a database?
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What type of geometric objects can represent complex three-dimensional objects?
What type of geometric objects can represent complex three-dimensional objects?
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Which operation would you use to combine two geometric objects into one?
Which operation would you use to combine two geometric objects into one?
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How are raster data typically represented?
How are raster data typically represented?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of spatial integrity constraints?
Which of the following is a characteristic of spatial integrity constraints?
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What defines vector data in geographic information systems?
What defines vector data in geographic information systems?
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What type of queries involve objects located near a specified location?
What type of queries involve objects located near a specified location?
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Which of the following objects is NOT considered a simple two-dimensional object?
Which of the following objects is NOT considered a simple two-dimensional object?
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What is an example of a complex two-dimensional object?
What is an example of a complex two-dimensional object?
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Study Notes
Complex Data Types
- Complex data, whose schema changes frequently, is often required for applications.
- The relational model's requirement of atomic data types might be excessive.
- Storing a set of interests as a set-valued attribute of a user profile may be easier than normalizing it.
- Data exchange can benefit greatly from semi-structured data.
- Web services are often used for data exchange.
- JSON and XML are commonly used semi-structured data models.
Semi-Structured Data Models
- Flexible schema allows varying attributes per tuple and adding attributes dynamically.
- Sparse column representation: schema is fixed, but each tuple stores only relevant attributes.
- Multivalued data types, such as sets and multisets, are useful.
- Using a set of interests, such as {'basketball', 'La Liga', 'cooking', 'anime', 'jazz'}.
- Key-value maps store pairs of key and value information.
- Example, {(brand, Apple), (ID, MacBook Air), (size, 13), (color, silver)}.
Arrays
- Widely used for scientific and monitoring applications.
- Readings taken at regular intervals can be represented as arrays of values.
- Example, [5, 8, 9, 11] instead of {(1, 5), (2, 8), (3, 9), (4, 11)}.
- Non-first-normal-form (NFNF) is used to model multi-valued attributes.
- Array databases support array data types.
- These databases often provide specialized storage and query languages.
- Example systems include Oracle GeoRaster, PostGIS, SciDB, etc.
Nested Data Types
- Hierarchical data is commonly used in many applications.
- JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is the most widely used format for nested data.
- XML (Extensible Markup Language) is an older but still relevant nested data format.
JSON
- Text-based representation used for data exchange.
- Key-value pairs make up JSON objects.
- Example JSON structure to store a person and his/her family members:
{
"ID": "22222",
"name": {
"firstname": "Albert",
"lastname": "Einstein"
},
"deptname": "Physics",
"children": [
{
"firstname": "Hans",
"lastname": "Einstein"
},
{
"firstname": "Eduard",
"lastname": "Einstein"
}
]
}
- Useful in data exchange, especially with web services.
XML
- Uses tags to structure and mark up text.
- Example:
<course>
<course id> CS-101 </course id>
<title> Intro. to Computer Science </title>
<dept name> Comp. Sci. </dept name>
<credits> 4 </credits>
</course>
- Self-documenting and hierarchical data organization, useful for representing complex data.
Knowledge Representation
- RDF (Resource Description Framework) is used for representing knowledge as triples.(subject, predicate, object).
- Example: (NBA-2019, winner, Raptors).
- RDF models objects with attributes and relationships to other objects.
- Example, (Washington-DC, capital-of, USA).
- RDF has a natural graph representation to connect entities.
SPARQL
- Query language developed to query nested XML structures and triples.
- SPARQL queries can find data using triple patterns.
- Example:
select ?name where
{
?sid course?cid.
?cid title "Intro. to Computer Science".
?id takes?sid.
?id name?name
}
- It uses aggregation, optional joins, and subqueries for complex queries.
Object-Relational Database
- Object-relational data models provide enriched type systems, integrating object-oriented concepts with relational databases.
- It offers improved data types from OOP languages (like Java).
- Approaches are to extend a relational database or build object-oriented databases from scratch.
- Allows automatically mapping between programming languages and relational models.
Type and Table Inheritance
- Inheritance creates new types from existing types.
- Create a type
Studentthat inherits properties from thePersontype and adds additional properties, likedegree. - Create another type
TeacherfromPersonadding a propertysalary. - Table inheritance is common in object-relational databases.
Reference Types
- Referential integrity provides seamless data relationships across tables through reference types.
- Example, defining a table
peopleand reference types fromdepartments. - The system can reference the employee's id to retrieve information from the
employeestable. - Subqueries in SQL or other database language are used to retrieve data by references.
Object-Relational Mapping
- ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) tools specify mappings between programming language objects and database tables.
- They automatically create, update, and delete related records.
Textual Data
- Information retrieval involves querying unstructured textual data.
- Simple keyword searches in documents and more advanced models, like TF-IDF, can rank the relevance of results.
Ranking Using TF-IDF
- Term frequency (TF) measures how often a term appears in a document.
- Inverse document frequency (IDF) measures how unique a term is across all documents.
- Relevance of a document to a set of terms Q is calculated using the product of TF and IDF scores for each term.
Ranking Using Hyperlinks
- PageRank is a method used to rank web pages based on the number and quality of inbound links.
- This approach models web pages as nodes in a graph and links as directed edges.
- The algorithm assigns a score to each page representing its importance or popularity.
Retrieval Effectiveness
- Precision and recall are used to evaluate the effectiveness of retrieval methods.
- Precision is the percentage of relevant results returned, while recall is the percentage of relevant results found.
- Keyword querying on structured data, like databases, can be useful even if the database schema is unknown.
- Searching for multiple keywords is helpful in returning a set of closely related results.
- Keyword searches can find and link entries across different tables, returning multiple results based on the keywords.
Spatial Data
- Spatial databases store and manage location-based data, assisting efficient storage, indexing, and querying.
- Geographic information systems (GIS) are specialized databases designed for geographic and spatial data.
- Geographic data includes roadmaps, topographic maps, and data about land ownership.
- Geometric data models spatial objects using points, lines, polygons etc.
- Design databases use objects to model geometric objects, their interconnections, and attributes.
Spatial Queries
- Spatial queries deal with geographical information or objects' spatial relationships.
- Region queries check if objects are contained within a defined region.
- Nearness queries find objects located near a specific target. (Nearest neighbors)
- Spatial graph queries evaluate relationships along spatial networks (shortest path).
- Spatial join operations combine data based on spatial attributes such as coordinate locations of objects.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of complex data types and semi-structured data models. This quiz covers topics such as flexible schemas, sparse column representation, and multivalued data types. Test your knowledge on how these data structures aid in applications and data exchange.
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