Compilers and Parsers
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Questions and Answers

What type of parser is implemented as a set of mutually recursive functions?

  • Top-down parser
  • Recursive-descent parser (correct)
  • LALR parser
  • Left-Scanning parser

    • What is the problem with the given grammar for a recursive-descent parser?

  • It is ambiguous (correct)
  • It has left recursion
  • It is an LL(1) grammar
  • It uses too much lookahead

    • What is the approach used by an LALR parser?

  • Left-Scanning
  • Top-down
  • Right Expansion
  • Bottom-up (correct)

    • What is the type of tree traversal used to process a parse tree?

    <p>Postorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of implicitly converting types of values during expression evaluation?

    <p>Type coercion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of including short circuit evaluation in expression evaluation?

    <p>Skipped remaining operands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the symbol in the given BNF grammar?

    <p>To represent any upper or lower case letter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-terminal symbol in the given BNF grammar?

    <p>expr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of language is most programming languages?

    <p>Context free</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the symbol in the given BNF grammar?

    <p>To represent any digit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an invalid expression in the given BNF grammar?

    <p>x=5+2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are parts of a formal grammar?

    <p>Syntax, terminals, productions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for associating an attribute with an entity?

    <p>Binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a subprogram in structured programming?

    <p>It has one entry point and one exit point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about all expressions in pure functional programming?

    <p>They have no side effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a collection of all identifiers available to a subprogram?

    <p>Reference Environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of functional programming languages?

    <p>Functions are first-class objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of programs to examine their own structure and metadata?

    <p>Reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of debugging and logging in object-oriented programming?

    <p>To track and diagnose errors and issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which C++ feature was abandoned in Java due to its limitations?

    <p>Overloaded Operators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fundamental principle of object-oriented programming is not mentioned?

    <p>Loops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for a C++ function to participate in polymorphism?

    <p>It must be virtual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between object serialization and deserialization?

    <p>Serialization is used for converting objects to a string, while deserialization is used for converting strings to objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using reflection in object-oriented programming?

    <p>It enables more flexible and dynamic programming by allowing for runtime modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a lexical analyzer?

    <p>To break the source code into tokens and remove unnecessary elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of node represents a terminal symbol in a parse tree?

    <p>A node that represents a terminal symbol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the objective of the parsing problem?

    <p>To construct parse trees or abstract syntax trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of formal grammar is commonly used to describe programming languages?

    <p>Context-free grammar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does introspection refer to in programming?

    <p>Examining metadata of entities within a program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of a lexical analyzer?

    <p>Tokens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Recursive Descent Parser

    • Implemented as a set of mutually recursive functions.

    Grammar Issues for Recursive Descent Parser

    • Left recursion in grammar can cause infinite recursion.

    LALR Parser Approach

    • Uses a table-driven approach to parse input based on Look Ahead and LR parsing techniques.

    Parse Tree Traversal

    • Uses a postorder traversal to process the parse tree.

    Implicit Type Conversion

    • The process of automatically converting values from one type to another during expression evaluation.

    Short Circuit Evaluation Benefit

    • Improves performance by shortcutting the evaluation of expressions when the result is already known.

    BNF Grammar Symbol Purpose

    • | Symbol represents the "or" operator in BNF grammar. It indicates alternative productions.

    Non-terminal Symbol

    • Non-terminal symbols are those that can be further expanded or replaced in the grammar, represented by capital letters in the BNF grammar.

    Programming Language Type

    • Most programming languages are context-free languages.

    * Symbol Purpose

    • * Symbol represents the "zero or more" repetition operator in BNF grammar. It indicates that the preceding element can occur zero or more times.

    Invalid BNF Expression

    • An invalid expression is one that doesn't follow the rules of the BNF grammar.

    Formal Grammar Components

    • Productions, terminal symbols, non-terminal symbols, and start symbol constitute a formal grammar.

    Entity Attribute Association Term

    • Associating an attribute with an entity is known as binding.

    Structured Programming Subprogram Characteristic

    • Subprograms in structured programming aim to decompose a program into smaller, reusable units with well-defined interfaces.

    Pure Functional Programming Expressions

    • All expressions in pure functional programming are referentially transparent, meaning they produce the same output for the same input and have no side effects.

    Subprogram Identifier Collection Term

    • The collection of all identifiers available to a subprogram is called its scope.

    Functional Programming Language Defining Characteristic

    • Functional programming languages emphasize the use of functions as the primary building blocks of computation.

    Program Self-Examination Term

    • The ability of programs to examine their own structure and metadata is called introspection.

    Debugging and Logging Purpose in Object-Oriented Programming

    • Debugging and logging in OOP assist developers in identifying and resolving issues within software systems.

    Abandoned C++ Feature in Java

    • Multiple inheritance was abandoned in Java due to its complexity and potential for conflicts.

    Unmentioned OOP Principle

    • Abstraction is one of the core principles of OOP and is not mentioned.

    C++ Polymorphism Requirement

    • A C++ function needs to be virtual to participate in polymorphism, enabling dynamic dispatch based on the actual object type.

    Serialization vs. Deserialization

    • Serialization converts an object's state into a byte stream, while deserialization restores an object from a serialized byte stream.

    Reflection Benefit

    • Reflection allows programs to examine their own structure and metadata at runtime, enabling dynamic behavior and greater flexibility.

    Lexical Analyzer Main Function

    • The main function of a lexical analyzer is to scan the source code and convert it into a sequence of tokens.

    Parse Tree Terminal Symbol Node Type

    • A leaf node represents a terminal symbol in a parse tree.

    Parsing Problem Objective

    • The objective of the parsing problem is to determine the syntactic structure of a given input string.

    Programming Language Grammar Type

    • Context-free grammars (CFGs) are commonly used to describe programming languages.

    Introspection Function

    • Introspection refers to the ability of programs to examine their components and metadata at runtime.

    Lexical Analyzer Output

    • The output of a lexical analyzer is a sequence of tokens, which represent the basic units of the source code.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of compiler design and parsing techniques with these questions on recursive-descent parsers, LL(1) grammars, and LALR parsers. Learn how to create a parser and understand the different types of grammars.

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