Compiler and Programming Language Concepts

A compiler translates high-level language expressions like A+B into assembly language, enabling programmers to work with a more intuitive syntax.

High-level programming languages improve programmer productivity by allowing the use of natural language and algebraic notation.

Abstraction should simplify complexities, but if it results in inefficiency, it can slow down processing and reduce performance.

<p>An assembler translates assembly language statements into binary instructions that the computer can execute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Programming languages provide a level of abstraction that makes programs portable across different computer systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potential speedup can be attributed to four specific optimizations applied in the programming process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Computer abstractions help simplify design by hiding lower-level details, making systems easier to understand and manage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A programmer might prefer high-level languages for their readability and ease of use compared to the complexity of assembly language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By running the same program on both computers and measuring the execution time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Computer X is 1.5 times faster than Computer Y.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disk accesses, memory accesses, input/output activities, and operating system overhead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because performance depends on various factors including hardware configuration, workload, and measurement criteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relative performance measures the performance of one computer in relation to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operating system overhead affects the total time taken to complete tasks, impacting perceived performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Response time reflects the immediacy of a system's interaction when completing a task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differences in hardware, architecture, available memory, or efficiency of processing capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pipelining improves performance by allowing multiple instruction stages to be processed simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The total time is calculated as $T_{total} = N \times T_{clk}$, where $N$ is the number of instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The total clock cycle time $T_{clk} = 550n$ seconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each stage operates independently and simultaneously on different instructions in the sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pipeline can have a single, two, three, five, or six stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The typical stages include Instruction Fetch (IF), Instruction Decode (ID), Execution (EX), Memory Access (MA), and Write Back (WB).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pipelining increases instruction throughput and reduces the overall execution time by efficiently utilizing processor resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The execution time can be significantly reduced because multiple instructions can be processed at different stages concurrently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>250 ps</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>500 ps per instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Computer A</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By 100 ps</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves many factors and metrics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clock cycle time, CPI, and number of instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clock rate and power increased rapidly but have recently flattened or dropped off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary source of energy consumption in CMOS technology is dynamic energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clock rate and power have growth correlation because as clock rates increase, the power consumption tends to increase as well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing capacitive load and voltage results in a decrease in dynamic power consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It potentially reduces dynamic power consumption due to lower capacitive loading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The new processor was assumed to reduce voltage by 15% compared to processor B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A 15% shrink in frequency indicates that the processor operates at a lower speed, which lowers power consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reaching the practical power limit impacts the ability to further increase clock rates and performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SPECpower measures the power consumption of servers at different workload levels over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Overall ssj_ops per watt' is a single performance metric that summarizes server performance per unit of power consumed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilizing only a subset can lead to inaccurate assessments of overall system performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formula integrates performance and power by dividing the performance at each increment by the corresponding power consumed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benchmarking using SPECpower is important as it provides standardized metrics that allow for effective comparisons of energy efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neglecting power consumption in performance metrics can lead to inefficient designs that may fail to meet energy regulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Workload level' refers to the different levels of tasks or processes that a server handles, measured in increments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simplifying performance metrics can lead to an incomplete understanding of a system's efficiency and capability.</p> Signup and view all the answers