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Questions and Answers
What is a common indication for escharatomy or fasciotomy in compartment syndrome?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of early burn excision according to the text?
What is one of the treatment principles for out-patient burn management mentioned in the text?
What is a key aspect of surgical management for full-thickness burn wounds?
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Which type of burn involves the entirety of the epidermis and a portion of the dermis?
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What is the characteristic feature of superficial partial-thickness burns?
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Which topical agent is recommended for treating superficial burns that accelerate reepithelialization and soothe the patient?
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What is a possible complication of superficial partial-thickness burns?
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What is the primary difference between low-voltage and high-voltage electrical burns?
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What is a common complication in large electrical burns that may require boluses of bicarbonate or mannitol?
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Why are alkalis considered more destructive than acids in chemical burns?
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Why is maintaining a high urine output crucial during the resuscitation of burn patients?
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What is the cause of stress incontinence?
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Which condition results in a sudden urge to urinate due to detrusor overactivity?
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What is the common cause of continual incontinence?
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What can lead to urgency with or without incontinence?
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Why does urinary incontinence occur in older people transiently during acute illness or hospitalization?
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What type of incontinence may result from gynaecological malignancy?
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Which factor can lead to stress incontinence in men?
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What is a common cause of urge incontinence?
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What might cause urgency with or without incontinence resulting from detrusor over-activity?
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Study Notes
Urinary System Disease
- Oliguria: defined as a urine output of < 400 mL/day, with a possible finding of 3 RBCs per high-power field in 3 consecutive centrifuged urine samples.
Hematuria
- Defined as the presence of red blood cells (RBCs) in the urine.
- Classification:
- According to amount of RBC in the urine:
- Gross (overtly bloody, smoky, or tea-colored urine)
- Microscopic (> 3 RBCs/HPF)
- According to timing (when it occurs during urination):
- Early (initial) haematuria: urethral origin, distal to external sphincter
- Terminal haematuria: bladder neck or prostate origin
- Diffuse (total) haematuria: source is in the bladder or upper urinary tract
- According to amount of RBC in the urine:
Differential Diagnosis of Red Urine
- Hematuria: RBCs
- Hemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria: food in beets and blackberries, chronic lead and mercury poisoning, porphyrins, urates (pink)
- Drugs: Rifampicin (orange), Chloroquine, desferoxamine, and laxative containing phenolphthalein
Interpretation of Non-Visible Hematuria
- Dipstick test positive:
- Urine microscopy
- Suggested causes:
- Infection
- Tumor
- Hemoglobinuria
- Myoglobinuria (brown urine)
- Hematuria
- White blood cells:
- Abnormal epithelial cells
- Red cell casts
- Dysmorphic erythrocytes (phase contrast microscopy)
- Suggested causes:
- Infection
- Tumor
- Hemoglobinuria
Causes of Hematuria
- Urothelial disorders
- Vascular disorders
- Glomerular disorders
- Interstitial disorders
- Glomerular hematuria: brown, tea-colored urine, proteinuria, deformed urinary RBCs, RBC casts
Dysuria
- Defined as painful urination, often described as burning, scalding, or stinging, and commonly accompanied by suprapubic pain.
- Often associated with frequency of micturition and a feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder.
- Most common cause: urinary tract infection, sexually transmitted infections, bladder stones.
Frequency
- Defined as daytime micturition more often than expected.
- May be a consequence of polyuria, when urine volume is normal or high.
- Also found in patients with dysuria and prostatic diseases, when urine volume is normal.
Polyuria
- Defined as passing a large urine volume (> 3 L/24 hrs).
- Causes:
- Excess fluid intake
- Osmotic diuresis: hyperglycemia, hypercalcemia
- Cranial diabetes insipidus
- Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: lithium
- Diuretics
- Interstitial nephritis
- Hypokalemia
- Hypercalcemia
- Investigation: measurement of urea, creatinine, and electrolytes, glucose, calcium, and albumin.
Nocturia
- Defined as waking up at night to void urine.
- Causes:
- Polyuria
- Fluid intake
- Diuretic use in the late evening (including caffeine).
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Description
Test your knowledge on Compartment Syndrome and Early Burn Excision with this quiz. Learn about the symptoms, investigations, clinical factors, and surgical management related to these conditions.
