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Questions and Answers
What is a common indication for escharatomy or fasciotomy in compartment syndrome?
What is a common indication for escharatomy or fasciotomy in compartment syndrome?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of early burn excision according to the text?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of early burn excision according to the text?
What is one of the treatment principles for out-patient burn management mentioned in the text?
What is one of the treatment principles for out-patient burn management mentioned in the text?
What is a key aspect of surgical management for full-thickness burn wounds?
What is a key aspect of surgical management for full-thickness burn wounds?
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Which type of burn involves the entirety of the epidermis and a portion of the dermis?
Which type of burn involves the entirety of the epidermis and a portion of the dermis?
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What is the characteristic feature of superficial partial-thickness burns?
What is the characteristic feature of superficial partial-thickness burns?
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Which topical agent is recommended for treating superficial burns that accelerate reepithelialization and soothe the patient?
Which topical agent is recommended for treating superficial burns that accelerate reepithelialization and soothe the patient?
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What is a possible complication of superficial partial-thickness burns?
What is a possible complication of superficial partial-thickness burns?
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What is the primary difference between low-voltage and high-voltage electrical burns?
What is the primary difference between low-voltage and high-voltage electrical burns?
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What is a common complication in large electrical burns that may require boluses of bicarbonate or mannitol?
What is a common complication in large electrical burns that may require boluses of bicarbonate or mannitol?
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Why are alkalis considered more destructive than acids in chemical burns?
Why are alkalis considered more destructive than acids in chemical burns?
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Why is maintaining a high urine output crucial during the resuscitation of burn patients?
Why is maintaining a high urine output crucial during the resuscitation of burn patients?
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What is the cause of stress incontinence?
What is the cause of stress incontinence?
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Which condition results in a sudden urge to urinate due to detrusor overactivity?
Which condition results in a sudden urge to urinate due to detrusor overactivity?
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What is the common cause of continual incontinence?
What is the common cause of continual incontinence?
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What can lead to urgency with or without incontinence?
What can lead to urgency with or without incontinence?
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Why does urinary incontinence occur in older people transiently during acute illness or hospitalization?
Why does urinary incontinence occur in older people transiently during acute illness or hospitalization?
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What type of incontinence may result from gynaecological malignancy?
What type of incontinence may result from gynaecological malignancy?
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Which factor can lead to stress incontinence in men?
Which factor can lead to stress incontinence in men?
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What is a common cause of urge incontinence?
What is a common cause of urge incontinence?
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What might cause urgency with or without incontinence resulting from detrusor over-activity?
What might cause urgency with or without incontinence resulting from detrusor over-activity?
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Study Notes
Urinary System Disease
- Oliguria: defined as a urine output of < 400 mL/day, with a possible finding of 3 RBCs per high-power field in 3 consecutive centrifuged urine samples.
Hematuria
- Defined as the presence of red blood cells (RBCs) in the urine.
- Classification:
- According to amount of RBC in the urine:
- Gross (overtly bloody, smoky, or tea-colored urine)
- Microscopic (> 3 RBCs/HPF)
- According to timing (when it occurs during urination):
- Early (initial) haematuria: urethral origin, distal to external sphincter
- Terminal haematuria: bladder neck or prostate origin
- Diffuse (total) haematuria: source is in the bladder or upper urinary tract
- According to amount of RBC in the urine:
Differential Diagnosis of Red Urine
- Hematuria: RBCs
- Hemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria: food in beets and blackberries, chronic lead and mercury poisoning, porphyrins, urates (pink)
- Drugs: Rifampicin (orange), Chloroquine, desferoxamine, and laxative containing phenolphthalein
Interpretation of Non-Visible Hematuria
- Dipstick test positive:
- Urine microscopy
- Suggested causes:
- Infection
- Tumor
- Hemoglobinuria
- Myoglobinuria (brown urine)
- Hematuria
- White blood cells:
- Abnormal epithelial cells
- Red cell casts
- Dysmorphic erythrocytes (phase contrast microscopy)
- Suggested causes:
- Infection
- Tumor
- Hemoglobinuria
Causes of Hematuria
- Urothelial disorders
- Vascular disorders
- Glomerular disorders
- Interstitial disorders
- Glomerular hematuria: brown, tea-colored urine, proteinuria, deformed urinary RBCs, RBC casts
Dysuria
- Defined as painful urination, often described as burning, scalding, or stinging, and commonly accompanied by suprapubic pain.
- Often associated with frequency of micturition and a feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder.
- Most common cause: urinary tract infection, sexually transmitted infections, bladder stones.
Frequency
- Defined as daytime micturition more often than expected.
- May be a consequence of polyuria, when urine volume is normal or high.
- Also found in patients with dysuria and prostatic diseases, when urine volume is normal.
Polyuria
- Defined as passing a large urine volume (> 3 L/24 hrs).
- Causes:
- Excess fluid intake
- Osmotic diuresis: hyperglycemia, hypercalcemia
- Cranial diabetes insipidus
- Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: lithium
- Diuretics
- Interstitial nephritis
- Hypokalemia
- Hypercalcemia
- Investigation: measurement of urea, creatinine, and electrolytes, glucose, calcium, and albumin.
Nocturia
- Defined as waking up at night to void urine.
- Causes:
- Polyuria
- Fluid intake
- Diuretic use in the late evening (including caffeine).
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Description
Test your knowledge on Compartment Syndrome and Early Burn Excision with this quiz. Learn about the symptoms, investigations, clinical factors, and surgical management related to these conditions.
