Comparing I/O Management in Computing Systems and Toy Shops

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What type of registers does a device typically have for CPU interactions?

Command, data, and status registers (correct)

Primary, secondary, and tertiary registers

Control, management, and communication registers

Input, output, and processing registers

Which component of a device acts as its CPU?

Control register

Data register

Microcontroller (correct)

Bridging controller

What type of logic is responsible for converting analog signals in devices?

Chips for analog-to-digital conversion (correct)

Control registers

Control bus

Central Processing Unit

Which interconnect is described as more technologically advanced than PCI-X and PCI?

PCI Express Signup and view all the answers

What is a key property of block devices like disks?

Access to individual blocks of data Signup and view all the answers

Which type of devices work with a serial sequence of characters?

Character devices Signup and view all the answers

What are device drivers responsible for?

Device access, management, and control Signup and view all the answers

What does a bridging controller handle in devices?

Managing different types of interconnects Signup and view all the answers

Which logic component is responsible for device-specific CPU operations?

Microcontroller Signup and view all the answers

What do network devices deliver?

A stream of data chunks Signup and view all the answers

What do user processes interact with at the level of the user process?

Files Signup and view all the answers

What standardized API is exposed to user processes by operating systems in file systems?

POSIX API Signup and view all the answers

What type of API does the POSIX API consist of?

System calls for read and write Signup and view all the answers

What persistent data structure is maintained for each file by the VFS?

Inode Signup and view all the answers

What represents the elements on which the Virtual File System (VFS) operates?

Files Signup and view all the answers

To help with operations on directories, what data structure does Linux maintain?

Dentry Signup and view all the answers

What do user applications interact with when accessing the Virtual File System (VFS)?

Dentries Signup and view all the answers

In the file system stack, what layer provides a standard for operating systems to interact with all types of block devices?

Generic block layer Signup and view all the answers

What operation can be performed on files using a file descriptor?

Read Signup and view all the answers

What allows the block device stack to mask differences among different block devices?

Generic block layer Signup and view all the answers

How many CPU accesses are needed to transmit a 1500B packet using 8 byte data registers?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What additional hardware support is required for Direct Memory Access (DMA) in devices?

DMA controller Signup and view all the answers

Why does the memory buffer involved in DMA need to be in physical memory until the transfer completes?

Because DMA controllers only have access to physical memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the responsibility of device drivers in the context of device operations?

Configuring devices for user processes Signup and view all the answers

What is a driver responsible for in device configurations?

Ensuring no data loss in device operations Signup and view all the answers

What is the reverse path of results/events originating on a device?

Driver -> User Process -> Kernel Signup and view all the answers

What does OS bypass in device operations allow in user processes?

Directly accessing device memory/registers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the operating system in OS bypass configurations?

Mapping device memory/registers for users Signup and view all the answers

How does PIO compare to DMA in terms of efficiency for smaller transfers?

PIO is more efficient Signup and view all the answers

What action is required when a user process needs to interact with a hardware device?

Making a system call to specify the operation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of indirect pointers in managing file content?

Reducing the size of inodes and increasing the addressable file size Signup and view all the answers

How does a double indirect pointer differ from a single indirect pointer?

It points to a block of pointers which point to data Signup and view all the answers

What is a downside of using indirect pointers in file systems?

Slower file access due to increased number of disk accesses Signup and view all the answers

How do filesystems use buffer caches to enhance file access?

By storing data temporarily in main memory to reduce disk accesses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of I/O scheduling?

To reduce disk head movement and optimize sequential accesses Signup and view all the answers

How does prefetching contribute to reducing file access latency?

By increasing cache hit rates and fetching nearby blocks Signup and view all the answers

What purpose does journaling serve in file systems?

To prevent data loss in case of system crashes Signup and view all the answers

How does a single indirect pointer expand the addressable file content?

By pointing to a block of pointers that then point to data Signup and view all the answers

Why do I/O schedulers aim to reduce disk head movement?

To improve cache hit rates Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of using buffer caches in file systems?

Reduction of disk accesses Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of I/O management in both toy shop and operating systems?

Managing the inputs and outputs of the system or shipping department Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of dedicated handlers or staff in both toy shop and operating systems?

They manage the inputs and outputs of the system Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of device drivers and interrupt handlers in an operating system?

They interact with the devices in the system Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of I/O devices in a system?

They are hardware components that are specifically tied to receiving inputs or directing outputs Signup and view all the answers

What is the challenge in managing I/O devices in a system?

The device space is extremely diverse Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of abstracting I/O details from the core processing or application execution?

It allows the production of toys or execution of applications to rely on both the I/O management and other hardware components Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the OS in making device registers available to the user process?

To make registers available on creation and then step out of the way Signup and view all the answers

Why do we need a user-level driver to interact with the device?

To not enter the kernel in order to control the device Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the OS retaining some coarse-grain control?

To enable/disable devices or add permissions Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a network device receives a packet and needs to determine its target process?

It peeks inside the packet to see its port number Signup and view all the answers

What does the device need to perform on received data to deliver it to the correct process?

Demultiplexing Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a user thread when making a synchronous I/O request?

It gets blocked Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of asynchronous I/O operations?

It allows the process to continue execution Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the AMPED in the Flash paper?

To create a separate helper thread for I/O Signup and view all the answers

What is a file in the context of block devices?

A logical storage unit Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the dentry cache in a filesystem?

To store all previously visited directories Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the superblock in a filesystem?

To store metadata about the filesystem Signup and view all the answers

Which filesystem was the default filesystem in Linux until it was replaced by ext3 and ext4?

ext2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a superblock in a block group?

To store information about the overall block group Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of inodes in a filesystem?

To store the data structure that describes exactly one file Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using inodes to index files in a filesystem?

Easy to perform both sequential and random accesses to the file Signup and view all the answers

What is the downside of using inodes to index files in a filesystem?

Limitation on the file size Signup and view all the answers

How is the limitation on file size addressed when using inodes to index files in a filesystem?

By using indirect pointers Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of dentries in a filesystem?

To store all visited directories Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bitmaps in ext2 filesystem?

To quickly find free blocks and inodes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main way in which PCI interconnects devices to the CPUs?

By making devices accessible in a manner similar to how CPUs access memory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of interrupts for device access?

Interrupts can only be triggered when the device has information for the CPU Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Base Address Registers (BAR) in device interactions?

To act as control registers that map a portion of the system's physical memory into the device's address space Signup and view all the answers

What type of device interface allows a CPU to transmit a network packet via a network interface card (NIC)?

Programmed I/O (PIO) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps when a CPU writes to device registers in memory-mapped I/O?

The CPU writes to the device's registers, which appear as memory locations at a specific physical address, and the integrated PCI controller then routes the access to the appropriate device. Signup and view all the answers

How does a process running on the CPU transmit a network packet via a network interface card (NIC) using Programmed I/O (PIO)?

By writing to the command register on the device to instruct the device to perform a transmission of the packet data that the CPU will provide Signup and view all the answers

Which device access model does the I/O Port Model belong to?

Programmed I/O (PIO) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about polling devices for device access in CPUs?

Polling devices can introduce delay in how the event is observed or handled, since the handling happens at some point after the event has been generated by the device. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct order of steps for a CPU to request an operation from an I/O device using Programmed I/O (PIO)?

Write to the command register on the device, copy the packet into the data registers, and then repeat as necessary until the entire packet is sent Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about Interrupts for device access in CPUs?

Interrupts can be triggered as soon as the device has information for the CPU, but they can introduce cache pollution and consume CPU cycles. Signup and view all the answers

Comparing I/O Management in Computing Systems and Toy Shops

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Questions and Answers

What type of registers does a device typically have for CPU interactions?

Which component of a device acts as its CPU?

What type of logic is responsible for converting analog signals in devices?

Which interconnect is described as more technologically advanced than PCI-X and PCI?

What is a key property of block devices like disks?

Which type of devices work with a serial sequence of characters?

What are device drivers responsible for?

What does a bridging controller handle in devices?

Which logic component is responsible for device-specific CPU operations?

What do network devices deliver?

What do user processes interact with at the level of the user process?

What standardized API is exposed to user processes by operating systems in file systems?

What type of API does the POSIX API consist of?

What persistent data structure is maintained for each file by the VFS?

What represents the elements on which the Virtual File System (VFS) operates?

To help with operations on directories, what data structure does Linux maintain?

What do user applications interact with when accessing the Virtual File System (VFS)?

In the file system stack, what layer provides a standard for operating systems to interact with all types of block devices?

What operation can be performed on files using a file descriptor?

What allows the block device stack to mask differences among different block devices?

How many CPU accesses are needed to transmit a 1500B packet using 8 byte data registers?

What additional hardware support is required for Direct Memory Access (DMA) in devices?

Why does the memory buffer involved in DMA need to be in physical memory until the transfer completes?

What is the responsibility of device drivers in the context of device operations?

What is a driver responsible for in device configurations?

What is the reverse path of results/events originating on a device?

What does OS bypass in device operations allow in user processes?

What is the primary role of the operating system in OS bypass configurations?

How does PIO compare to DMA in terms of efficiency for smaller transfers?

What action is required when a user process needs to interact with a hardware device?

What is the role of indirect pointers in managing file content?

How does a double indirect pointer differ from a single indirect pointer?

What is a downside of using indirect pointers in file systems?

How do filesystems use buffer caches to enhance file access?

Which of the following best describes the purpose of I/O scheduling?

How does prefetching contribute to reducing file access latency?

What purpose does journaling serve in file systems?

How does a single indirect pointer expand the addressable file content?

Why do I/O schedulers aim to reduce disk head movement?

What is one advantage of using buffer caches in file systems?

What is the main focus of I/O management in both toy shop and operating systems?

What is the role of dedicated handlers or staff in both toy shop and operating systems?

What is the purpose of device drivers and interrupt handlers in an operating system?

What is the role of I/O devices in a system?

What is the challenge in managing I/O devices in a system?

What is the importance of abstracting I/O details from the core processing or application execution?

What is the primary role of the OS in making device registers available to the user process?

Why do we need a user-level driver to interact with the device?

What is the purpose of the OS retaining some coarse-grain control?

What happens when a network device receives a packet and needs to determine its target process?

What does the device need to perform on received data to deliver it to the correct process?

What happens to a user thread when making a synchronous I/O request?

What is the benefit of asynchronous I/O operations?

What is the purpose of the AMPED in the Flash paper?

What is a file in the context of block devices?

What is the purpose of the dentry cache in a filesystem?

What is the role of the superblock in a filesystem?

Which filesystem was the default filesystem in Linux until it was replaced by ext3 and ext4?

What is the purpose of a superblock in a block group?

What is the purpose of inodes in a filesystem?

What is the benefit of using inodes to index files in a filesystem?

What is the downside of using inodes to index files in a filesystem?

How is the limitation on file size addressed when using inodes to index files in a filesystem?

What is the purpose of dentries in a filesystem?

What is the purpose of bitmaps in ext2 filesystem?

What is the main way in which PCI interconnects devices to the CPUs?

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of interrupts for device access?

What is the purpose of the Base Address Registers (BAR) in device interactions?

What type of device interface allows a CPU to transmit a network packet via a network interface card (NIC)?

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps when a CPU writes to device registers in memory-mapped I/O?

How does a process running on the CPU transmit a network packet via a network interface card (NIC) using Programmed I/O (PIO)?

Which device access model does the I/O Port Model belong to?

Which statement is true about polling devices for device access in CPUs?

Which of the following is the correct order of steps for a CPU to request an operation from an I/O device using Programmed I/O (PIO)?

Which of the following statements is true about Interrupts for device access in CPUs?

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