Comparing Genomes and Gene Sequencing Quiz

What is the significance of comparing genomes between species?

Identifying differences for personalized medicine
Predicting amino acid sequences in polypeptides
Determining evolutionary relationships (correct)
Preventing genetic disorders

What is the benefit of comparing genomes of individuals?

Predicting RNA sequences
Creating synthetic biology
Determining protein folding structures
Identifying genetic differences for personalized medicine (correct)

What is the main application of the Human Genome Project?

Studying plant genomes
Screening for mutated sequences (correct)
Creating synthetic biology
Determining protein structures

Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of a double strand of DNA from a single strand of RNA?

Reverse transcriptase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are some ethical concerns regarding the Human Genome Project?

Discrimination and misuse of genetic information (D) Signup and view all the answers

How has gene sequencing impacted the field of medicine?

Allowed for personalized medicine based on individual genomes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cells can differentiate into any cell type in the body but cannot form extra embryonic cells?

Pluripotent stem cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between pluripotent and unipotent stem cells?

Unipotent stem cells can only differentiate into one type of cell. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is oestrogen able to alter transcription in cells?

By binding to a receptor molecule on a transcription factor (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of transcription factors in gene expression?

They bind to DNA to initiate gene transcription (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of stem cells are created when pluripotent stem cells are induced from unipotent stem cells?

Pluripotent stem cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a neutral mutation?

A mutation that does not affect the organism (B) Signup and view all the answers

How did humans develop trichromatic vision?

Through a beneficial mutation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cells can give rise to many types of specialized cells except embryonic cells?

Pluripotent cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where are totipotent stem cells found in the embryo?

At an early stage called the blastomere (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor causes unspecialised totipotent cells to differentiate into specialized cells in the embryo?

Gene expression changes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of totipotent stem cells among other types of stem cells?

Capable of forming all types of specialized cells along with extra embryonic cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of restriction endonucleases in DNA cloning?

To cut DNA at specific sequences (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why are staggered cuts by restriction endonucleases preferred in DNA cloning?

They leave sticky ends on the DNA (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of sticky ends in DNA cloning?

They allow DNA fragments to attach together (B) Signup and view all the answers

In gene cloning, why are vectors like plasmids used to insert DNA into cells?

To prevent digestion of the DNA fragment by enzymes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why are plasmids commonly used as vectors in gene cloning?

They naturally occur in bacterial cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step after the base pairing of complementary ends in gene cloning using plasmids?

Sealing with DNA ligase forming phosphodiester linkages (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of heating the reaction mixture to 95 degrees?

To break the hydrogen bonds and separate the DNA strands (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to cool the mixture to a specific temperature between 50-65 degrees?

To allow the primers to bind (anneal) to the DNA strands (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Taq polymerase in the PCR process?

Creates new DNA strands by complementary base pairing (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many cycles are typically repeated in the PCR process to create a sufficient amount of DNA?

Around 30 cycles (B) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes in-vitro gene cloning from in-vivo gene cloning?

'In-vitro' gene cloning uses PCR and does not require living cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a DNA probe designed for?

To be complementary to a specific sequence to be detected (A) Signup and view all the answers