29 Questions
What is the significance of comparing genomes between species?
Determining evolutionary relationships
What is the benefit of comparing genomes of individuals?
Identifying genetic differences for personalized medicine
What is the main application of the Human Genome Project?
Screening for mutated sequences
Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of a double strand of DNA from a single strand of RNA?
Reverse transcriptase
What are some ethical concerns regarding the Human Genome Project?
Discrimination and misuse of genetic information
How has gene sequencing impacted the field of medicine?
Allowed for personalized medicine based on individual genomes
Which type of stem cells can differentiate into any cell type in the body but cannot form extra embryonic cells?
Pluripotent stem cells
What is the main difference between pluripotent and unipotent stem cells?
Unipotent stem cells can only differentiate into one type of cell.
How is oestrogen able to alter transcription in cells?
By binding to a receptor molecule on a transcription factor
What is the role of transcription factors in gene expression?
They bind to DNA to initiate gene transcription
What type of stem cells are created when pluripotent stem cells are induced from unipotent stem cells?
Pluripotent stem cells
What is a neutral mutation?
A mutation that does not affect the organism
How did humans develop trichromatic vision?
Through a beneficial mutation
Which type of stem cells can give rise to many types of specialized cells except embryonic cells?
Pluripotent cells
Where are totipotent stem cells found in the embryo?
At an early stage called the blastomere
Which factor causes unspecialised totipotent cells to differentiate into specialized cells in the embryo?
Gene expression changes
What is a distinguishing feature of totipotent stem cells among other types of stem cells?
Capable of forming all types of specialized cells along with extra embryonic cells
What is the role of restriction endonucleases in DNA cloning?
To cut DNA at specific sequences
Why are staggered cuts by restriction endonucleases preferred in DNA cloning?
They leave sticky ends on the DNA
What is the significance of sticky ends in DNA cloning?
They allow DNA fragments to attach together
In gene cloning, why are vectors like plasmids used to insert DNA into cells?
To prevent digestion of the DNA fragment by enzymes
Why are plasmids commonly used as vectors in gene cloning?
They naturally occur in bacterial cells
What is the final step after the base pairing of complementary ends in gene cloning using plasmids?
Sealing with DNA ligase forming phosphodiester linkages
What is the purpose of heating the reaction mixture to 95 degrees?
To break the hydrogen bonds and separate the DNA strands
Why is it necessary to cool the mixture to a specific temperature between 50-65 degrees?
To allow the primers to bind (anneal) to the DNA strands
What is the role of Taq polymerase in the PCR process?
Creates new DNA strands by complementary base pairing
How many cycles are typically repeated in the PCR process to create a sufficient amount of DNA?
Around 30 cycles
What distinguishes in-vitro gene cloning from in-vivo gene cloning?
'In-vitro' gene cloning uses PCR and does not require living cells
What is a DNA probe designed for?
To be complementary to a specific sequence to be detected
Test your knowledge on comparing genomes between species and individuals, as well as the importance of gene sequencing in evolutionary relationships, medical research, and personalized medicine development.
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