Compare and Contrast RNA and DNA
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements correctly compare RNA and DNA?

  • RNA has uracil, while DNA has thymine. (correct)
  • Both RNA and DNA are made of nucleotides, sugars, and phosphate groups. (correct)
  • DNA and RNA have the same structural form.
  • RNA is double stranded, while DNA is single stranded.

    • What are the base pairing rules of DNA?

    A, T, C, G

    What is DNA replication?

    The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.

    Explain the differences between a strand of DNA, genes, and a chromosome.

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    What is a nucleic acid?

    <p>Macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a nucleotide?

    <p>Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a chromosome?

    <p>A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein carrying genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a gene?

    <p>A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is DNA?

    <p>A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is semi-conservative replication?

    <p>In each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the relationship between genes and protein.

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    Explain the central dogma.

    <p>It goes DNA - (transcription) - RNA - (translation) - Protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the steps of transcription?

    <ol> <li>DNA unzips and the bottom strand is exposed; 2. RNA nucleotides attach to the bottom strand, making an mRNA; 3. mRNA breaks off and the DNA zips back together.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the steps of translation?

    <p>Initiation, elongation, termination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mRNA?

    <p>Messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tRNA?

    <p>Transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is rRNA?

    <p>Ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is transcription?

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    What is translation?

    <p>Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic code?

    <p>Collection of codons of mRNA that directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a codon?

    <p>A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an anticodon?

    <p>Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are amino acids?

    <p>Building blocks of proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Comparison of RNA and DNA

    • Both RNA and DNA are composed of nucleotides, which include a sugar and phosphate group.
    • DNA is double-stranded and contains the nitrogenous base thymine, while RNA is single-stranded and contains uracil.

    DNA Base Pairing Rules

    • The base pairs in DNA are adenine (A) paired with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) paired with guanine (G).

    DNA Replication

    • DNA replication is the process whereby DNA duplicates itself to ensure each new cell receives an identical set of genetic information.

    Differentiating DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes

    • DNA is the molecular blueprint containing genetic information.
    • A gene is a specific segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular trait.
    • A chromosome is a thread-like structure made of nucleic acids and proteins, found in the nucleus, which carries genetic information.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that include hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.

    Nucleotides

    • Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

    Chromosomes

    • Chromosomes are structures within the cell nucleus that carry genetic information organized in the form of genes.

    Relationship Between Genes and Proteins

    • Genes encode specific instructions to produce proteins, serving as templates for protein synthesis.

    Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

    • The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information in cells: DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

    Transcription Steps

    • The DNA strands unzip, exposing the bottom strand.
    • RNA nucleotides pair with the exposed DNA to form messenger RNA (mRNA).
    • The newly synthesized mRNA detaches, allowing the DNA strands to reattach.

    Steps of Translation

    • Translation consists of three main phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, through which mRNA is decoded to create proteins.

    Types of RNA

    • Messenger RNA (mRNA) transports genetic instructions from the DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes.
    • Transfer RNA (tRNA) conveys amino acids to the ribosome.
    • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) contributes to the structural makeup of ribosomes.

    Translation Process

    • Translation is the process where the mRNA sequence is decoded to synthesize a protein.

    Genetic Code

    • The genetic code comprises codons made up of three nucleotides, each coding for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis.

    Codons

    • A codon is a sequence of three adjacent nucleotide bases in DNA or RNA that specifies an amino acid.

    Anticodons

    • Anticodons are groups of three nucleotide bases on tRNA that pair with complementary mRNA codons.

    Amino Acids

    • Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of proteins, linked together to form various proteins.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental differences and similarities between RNA and DNA, including their structures, functions, and base pairing rules. Explore key concepts such as DNA replication and the unique characteristics that set these two nucleic acids apart.

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