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Comparative Research Methodology Quiz
40 Questions
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Comparative Research Methodology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is assumed when the value items show similar patterns of correlations across all countries?

  • External construct equivalence is ensured. (correct)
  • Internal reliability is ensured.
  • Content validity is ensured.
  • Construct validity is ensured.

    • Which of the following techniques is NOT mentioned as effective for multi-country surveys?

  • Congruence coefficient analysis
  • Qualitative method analysis (correct)
  • Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis
  • Latent class analysis

    • What characteristic of content analysis can hinder the effectiveness of higher-level statistics for testing construct equivalence?

  • Use of numerical data instead of categorical data
  • Inconsistency in data collection methods
  • Reliance on a single item to represent a construct (correct)
  • Lack of theoretical framework

    • What do Wirth and Kolb suggest as an alternative to using single indicators in comparative content analyses?

    <p>Using multiple indicators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary requirement for case selection in comparative research?

    <p>It must argue for its significance as a typical or exceptional case.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is considered essential to avoid measurement bias in comparative studies?

    <p>Language equivalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is typically employed to move from mere description to explanation in case studies?

    <p>Qualitative methods like analytic narratives or process tracing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which issue arises due to inadequate translation of survey questions in comparative studies?

    <p>Cultural connotations impacting scoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Most Similar Systems – Different Outcomes designs?

    <p>To identify key differences among similar systems that account for variations in outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of data is typically not conducive to the application of higher-level statistics in content analysis?

    <p>Categorical data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do analytic narratives and process tracing primarily contribute to comparative research?

    <p>They allow for a narrative-based approach to causal inference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In conducting a comparative study, what should researchers emphasize to ensure consistency?

    <p>Standardized survey items across cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome do Most Different Systems – Similar Outcome designs aim to achieve?

    <p>Finding common features among diverse systems that lead to similar outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of comparative research, what is a 'critical' case?

    <p>A case where successful conclusions can be generalized widely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical philosopher's methods are foundational to standard comparative analysis today?

    <p>John Stuart Mill.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a case as an 'exemplary' case in comparative research?

    <p>It creates a new category or standard within the analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method is commonly used to analyze similarities in political party manifestos?

    <p>Cluster analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge in conducting multivariate analyses?

    <p>Limited availability of data for a sufficient number of cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is utilized to cluster cases into similar groups based on predefined variables?

    <p>Cluster analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Brüggemann and colleagues (2014) contribute to media systems research?

    <p>By suggesting the existence of four groups instead of three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of explanatory research question in comparative studies?

    <p>How do variable levels at the unit level impact each other?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical method is often applied when examining political system characteristics and conflict framing?

    <p>Regression analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help address the issue of limited data cases in multivariate analyses?

    <p>Introducing longitudinal components or using QCA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common limitation faced in comparative research regarding data cases?

    <p>Limited number of cases available for analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for establishing method equivalence in a comparative study?

    <p>Well-written manuals and clear instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research question is mainly descriptive in nature?

    <p>Descriptive comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes explanatory research from descriptive research?

    <p>The focus on explaining why differences occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vliegenthart (2012), which type of question has the highest explanatory ambition?

    <p>Comparative explanatory questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of descriptive comparison studies?

    <p>They examine variations in occurrences between cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do researchers often find challenging when comparing differences between cases?

    <p>Providing sufficient evidence for differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research question requires a high quality and quantity of cases?

    <p>Comparative explanatory questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main hypothesis in the study by Strömbäck and Van Aelst?

    <p>Similarities between countries will lead to minimal differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of including additional globalized control groups in comparative research?

    <p>To enhance the assessment of national relevance compared to transnational factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a multilevel approach in comparative communication research entail?

    <p>Including various levels of analysis above and below the nation-state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge do comparative communication scholars face when applying comparative logics?

    <p>The rigid application of comparative logics derived from political science.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can increasing the number of cases in comparative analysis benefit researchers?

    <p>It allows for more nuanced responses to comparative explanatory questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary trend requiring researchers to consider multiple units of analysis?

    <p>Internationalization and globalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of communication research has seen substantial progress in the past decade?

    <p>The integration of comparative elements and data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does context play in comparative communication research?

    <p>It helps in understanding variations in communicative effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to use comparative frameworks in communication research?

    <p>They provide a systematic approach to understanding differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Comparative Research Methodology

    • Comparative research must be embedded in context, utilizing analytical tools from comparative literature.
    • Case selection should be justified by type:
      • Representative (typical case)
      • Prototypical (potential typical case)
      • Exemplary (creates a new category)
      • Deviant (exception to the norm)
      • Critical (valid across contexts)
    • Findings should contribute to revising or expanding existing comparative theories, transitioning from description to explanation.

    Structured and Focused Comparison

    • The method of structured comparison uses tools like analytic narratives and process tracing, allowing for causal inference.
    • Causal chains, sequencing, and critical events inform explanations rather than relying solely on general laws or statistics.

    Small-N Comparative Analysis

    • Standard forms include John Stuart Mill’s Methods of Agreement and Difference, Przeworski and Teune’s Most Different and Most Similar Systems Designs.
    • Most Similar Systems seek to identify differing features among similar systems for outcome explanations.
    • Most Different Systems focus on commonalities among diverse systems to explain similar outcomes.

    Construct Equivalence in Comparative Studies

    • The number of systems compared typically ranges from 3 to 10, selected with specific contextual conditions in mind.
    • External construct equivalence assumes similar correlation patterns across studied countries.

    Techniques for Measuring Equivalence

    • Advanced testing techniques include congruence coefficient analysis, multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, and latent class analysis.
    • Multi-country surveys may not be efficient for comparative content analysis due to categorical data limitations.
    • Offering qualitative discussions for functional equivalence helps address measurement bias in comparative analyses.

    Avoiding Measurement Bias

    • Researchers must ensure language equivalence and measurement reliability across different cultural contexts.
    • Inconsistent wording or inappropriate cultural connotations can lead to measurement bias.

    Establishing Method Equivalence

    • Well-written manuals, clear instructions, and researcher commitment are essential for methodological consistency.
    • Collaboration requires cultural expertise and effective managerial capacities to maintain analytical equivalence.

    Types of Research Questions

    • Research questions in comparative studies range from descriptive to explanatory:
      • Descriptive questions identify and describe phenomena and variations across cases.
      • Basic explanatory questions assess the impact of independent variables on dependent variables.

    Advanced Analytical Techniques

    • Cluster analysis helps categorize cases based on similarities across a range of predetermined variables.
    • Explanatory comparisons can utilize regression analysis, although limited case numbers pose challenges.

    Conclusion and Future Directions

    • Comparative communication research has seen increased integration in recent years but still faces challenges such as:
      • Rigid application of comparative logics reminiscent of political science.
      • Need for expanding the number of cases beyond limited comparisons for comprehensive analysis.
    • Trends in internationalization and globalization demand multi-unit analysis in empirical research to address complex realities effectively.

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    Related Documents

    FRANK ESSER & RENS VLIEGENTHART_Comparative Research Method.pdf

    Description

    Test your understanding of comparative research methodologies. This quiz covers concepts such as case selection types, structured comparison techniques, and small-N analysis methods. Enhance your grasp of theoretical implications and practical tools in comparative studies.

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