Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

• Superlative Adjectives
  • Used to compare three or more things
  • Indicate the highest degree of a quality
  • Usually formed by adding "-est" to the adjective or using "most" before the adjective
  • Examples: "biggest," "smallest," "most interesting," "least expensive"
  • Used in sentences like: "This is the tallest building in the city." or "She is the most talented singer in the competition."
• Comparative Adjectives
  • Used to compare two things
  • Indicate a greater or lesser degree of a quality
  • Usually formed by adding "-er" to the adjective or using "more/less" before the adjective
  • Examples: "bigger," "smaller," "more interesting," "less expensive"
  • Used in sentences like: "This car is faster than that one." or "Reading a book is more interesting than watching TV."
• Have To
  • Expresses obligation or necessity
  • Indicates that something is required or compulsory
  • Structure: "have to" + base form of the verb
  • Examples: "I have to go to work." "She has to study for the exam."
  • In the past tense: "had to" (e.g., "I had to wake up early.")
  • In negative form implies the absence of obligation: "don't/doesn't have to" (e.g., "You don't have to come if you don't want to.")
• Shall We
  • Used to make suggestions or offer help, typically including the speaker
  • Often used at the end of a statement as a tag question
  • Examples: "Shall we go for a walk?" "Let's start the meeting, shall we?"
  • Implies a desire for agreement or confirmation
• Going To
  • Expresses future plans or intentions
  • Describes actions that are planned or decided before the moment of speaking
  • Structure: "be" (am, is, are) + "going to" + base form of the verb
  • Examples: "I am going to travel to Europe next year." "She is going to study medicine."
  • Used to make predictions based on present evidence
  • Example: "Look at those dark clouds. It's going to rain."
• Countable Nouns
  • Nouns that can be counted and have a plural form
  • Can be used with indefinite articles "a" or "an" in the singular form
  • Examples: "book," "chair," "apple," "student"
  • Can be quantified with numbers (e.g., "three books," "five students")
• Uncountable Nouns
  • Nouns that cannot be counted and do not have a plural form (usually)
  • Often refer to substances, concepts, or abstract ideas
  • Examples: "water," "rice," "information," "advice"
  • Cannot be used with indefinite articles "a" or "an"
  • Quantified using units or measures (e.g., "a glass of water," "a grain of rice," "some information")
• Simple Past
  • Used to describe completed actions or events in the past
  • Indicates that the action started and finished at a specific time in the past
  • Usually formed by adding "-ed" to the base form of regular verbs
  • Irregular verbs have different forms (e.g., "go" becomes "went," "see" becomes "saw")
  • Examples: "I watched a movie yesterday." "She visited her family last week."
  • Common time expressions: "yesterday," "last week," "ago," "in 2010"
• Simple Present
  • Used to describe habits, routines, general truths, and facts
  • Indicates actions that occur regularly or are always true
  • The base form of the verb is used, except for the third person singular (he, she, it), which adds "-s" or "-es"
  • Examples: "I eat breakfast every morning." "She works at a hospital." "The sun rises in the east."
  • Common time expressions: "always," "usually," "often," "sometimes," "never," "every day," "on Mondays"
• Present Continuous
  • Also known as the present progressive
  • Used to describe actions that are happening at the moment of speaking
  • Indicates temporary actions or ongoing events
  • Structure: "be" (am, is, are) + present participle (verb + "-ing")
  • Examples: "I am studying English now." "She is watching TV at the moment."
  • Used to describe future arrangements (planned events)
  • Example: "We are going to a concert tonight."

Learn about comparative and superlative adjectives, used to compare two or more things, and 'have to' to express obligation. Understand how they're formed and used in sentences to show degrees of quality and necessity.