Community Oral Health Chapter 8

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following topics is NOT mentioned as beneficial for hygienists to read?

Environmental health (correct)

Cancer prevention and early detection

Maternal and child health

Injury prevention

Attending which types of meetings can help hygienists update their knowledge and network with peers?

Job fairs

General public health meetings (correct)

Local community events

Corporate marketing conferences

What is a primary benefit of attending professional association meetings for hygienists?

Competing for awards

Setting policy agendas

Gaining industry certifications

Practicing presentation skills (correct)

Which organization’s meetings are specifically recommended for health education professionals?

Society for Public Health Education Signup and view all the answers

Which type of meetings could potentially be sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention?

Learning institutes Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the basic health promotion strategies identified by the Ottawa Charter?

Advocacy for health Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the scope of health promotion activities?

Including social and environmental interventions Signup and view all the answers

Before designing health promotion strategies, what should be assessed?

The needs of diverse populations Signup and view all the answers

What role do behaviors play in health promotion?

They are central to the health equation Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of effective oral health promotion efforts?

Reduced incidence and severity of oral diseases Signup and view all the answers

How can health promotion strategies be applied effectively?

By applying relevant theories and models to specific situations Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does health promotion emphasize in addition to knowledge and attitudes?

Behavioral change and intervention Signup and view all the answers

What is an important step in developing a health communication plan?

Following a sequence of steps in the communication process Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary challenge in designing health communication programs?

Determining effective channels, context, and content Signup and view all the answers

What do the four Ps of marketing in social marketing include?

Product, Price, Place, Promotion Signup and view all the answers

What does gain-framing in health messages focus on?

What is to be gained by adopting recommended behaviors Signup and view all the answers

How is health information technology (HIT) related to health communication?

HIT helps to enhance message delivery and engagement. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by tailoring health messages?

Customizing messages to resonate with specific individuals Signup and view all the answers

What role does technology play in health communication today?

It meets consumer expectations and enhances communication. Signup and view all the answers

What does framing health messages involve?

Crafting messages with specific cues for impact Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of health communication?

Creating comprehensive health policies Signup and view all the answers

What was one reason elderly church members stopped attending church suppers?

They had lost their teeth and felt embarrassed. Signup and view all the answers

Which group adopted dental sealants more quickly and why?

Public health clinics due to critical need and strong advocacy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Diffusion of Innovations Theory?

To assess how new ideas spread in society. Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in a health promotion/health communication plan before interventions start?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of organizations initiating change according to Stage Theory?

Specific strategies are needed at each change stage. Signup and view all the answers

When can evaluation of educational interventions occur?

Both during and after the intervention Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant barrier to the adoption of dental sealants in private dental offices?

Low reimbursement from insurance companies. Signup and view all the answers

Which guiding principle should be assessed to improve interventions?

Whether the intervention achieved desired results Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of professional presentations to health professionals?

To deliver thought-provoking information in a clear format Signup and view all the answers

What change was implemented regarding food options in a hospital cafeteria?

Healthier foods were introduced for employee wellness. Signup and view all the answers

What sequence commonly follows in professional presentations?

Introduction, Methods and Materials, Summary Signup and view all the answers

How did elderly individuals eventually feel about using dentures?

They became comfortable eating and speaking with them. Signup and view all the answers

What critical aspect must be documented during the evaluation of communication efforts?

The channels, formats, and materials utilized Signup and view all the answers

What is a relevant aspect of the health educators' initiative in the hospital cafeteria?

It required stages to gradually encourage employees to choose healthier options. Signup and view all the answers

An effective health communication plan should be developed based on findings from which process?

Needs assessment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following should not be considered when evaluating interventions?

The name recognition of the presenters Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary benefits of a round table discussion format?

It allows for interactive discussion among participants. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of web-based presentations?

There may be unintended noise or line interference. Signup and view all the answers

What essential skill is necessary for facilitating a round table discussion effectively?

The ability to keep the discussion focused. Signup and view all the answers

How long do web-based presentations typically last?

30 to 60 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What should presenters do to prepare for a web-based presentation?

Conduct a practice run before the presentation. Signup and view all the answers

What method can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a professional presentation?

By using course and conference evaluation forms. Signup and view all the answers

What types of materials can be used in a web-based presentation?

Videos, slides, and personal demonstrations. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the audience size for a web-based presentation?

It can vary, sometimes limited to 100 phone lines. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Community Oral Health Practice for the Dental Hygienist

This is a 5th edition textbook by Christine French Beatty
Copyright 2022, Elsevier Inc.

Health Promotion and Health Communication (Chapter 8)

This chapter covers health promotion and health communication
It discusses the scope of health promotion and related activities
It covers application of health promotion strategies, theories, and models to oral health situations
It helps students understand steps in the health communication process for developing, implementing, or evaluating health communication plans or projects
It teaches techniques for assessing needs of diverse populations before designing health promotion and health communication strategies

Lesson 8.1: Health Promotion

Part 1 (1 of 2): Discusses scope of health promotion and range of related activities; applies health promotion strategies, theories, and models to oral health; follows the health communication process in developing, implementing, or evaluating plans/projects
Part 2 (2 of 2): Discusses how to assess needs of diverse populations to design health promotion and health communication strategies

Health Promotion (General)

Introduces the role of behaviors (not just attitudes and knowledge) in health, expanding beyond individual behavior to social and environmental interventions
Moves beyond health education, linking oral health to broader health issues
The Ottawa Charter defines three health promotion strategies: advocacy for health, enabling people to reach their full health potential, and mediating societal interests in pursuit of health
Oral health promotion improves use of oral health and wellness services and preventive self-care measures; outcomes include reduced oral diseases and improved overall health

Health Promotion Theories (Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Community)

A theory is an abstract concept that only takes form when applied to specific topics and problems. Conceptual frameworks and models help in analyzing situations and applying effective solutions from similar circumstances
Traditionally, dental hygienists often view oral health issues as solely the patient's problem, providing education without assessing the individual's background, environment, literacy, or cultural sensitivities
Behavioral change can be impacted at different levels: intrapersonal (individual), interpersonal (between people), and community levels (including institutional/organizational and policy changes)

Interpersonal: Stages of Change Theory (Transtheoretical Model)

Views change as a multi-stage process or cycle occurring over time, rather than a single event
Assumes individuals are at different stages of readiness for lifestyle changes
People cycle through various stages over time, depending on the behavior and the environment's support

Oral Health Example (Stage of Change)

Cycle starts with awareness of a problem (e.g., gingivitis)
Moves to behavior change (effective brushing/mouthwash usage)
Next, preventive actions are maintained and reinforced (follow-up visits).
Health promotion should match resources and messages to the individual's stage of readiness to change.

Interpersonal: Health Belief Model (HBM)

Allows assessment of perceptions of susceptibility to health risks and whether preventative behaviors will reduce susceptibility.
The model assumes that increased perceived severity and susceptibility of a disease increases the likelihood of action

Oral Health Example (HBM)

Example questions based on the Health Belief Model applied to a pipe-smoking father: Does he perceive a risk for oral cancer due to his pipe smoking? Does he believe limiting pipe use will reduce his risk? Does he perceive risks of quitting pipe smoking to be worse than oral cancer risk? Does he think he can quit and how much support does he need

People learn through direct experience, observation of others, and the results of their actions.
Behavioral change results from the interaction of personal factors, environmental influences, and individual behaviors

Example: Supporting a single mother on improving her child's oral hygiene through demonstrations, video, and ongoing feedback. This feedback loop extends to other childcare workers and parents at the center for improved oral healthcare habits.

Community Level Theories

Community Organization Theory
Diffusion of Innovations Theory
Organizational Change: Stage Theory

Community Organization Theory

Encompasses the process of involving and activating community members for addressing a common problem or goal; mobilizing resources and evaluating outcomes for community improvement

Oral Health Example (Community Organization)

Example: A church pastor and congregation noticing decline in elderly attendance at church suppers due to tooth loss. Dental professionals collaborate to address the needs and provide dentures, enabling elderly attendees to feel comfortable returning to church suppers.

Diffusion of Innovations theory

This theory assesses how new ideas, products, or services spread through a society or other groups. Analysis considers innovation characteristics, communication channels, and social systems.

Oral Health Example (Diffusion of Innovations)

Example: The adoption of dental sealants, proceeded more rapidly in public health clinics (urgent need for change, strong advocacy) versus private offices (lower caries rates, payer issues, procedural adherence).

Organizational Change: Stage Theory

Organizations evolve through discrete stages of change. Specific strategies are needed at every stage

Oral Health Example (Organizational Change)

Example: Health educators implementing changes to the cafeteria food to promote healthier worker lunches. Note the multiple stages of change in the hospital process.

Combining Health Promotion Theories

Health promotion theories frequently combine in interventions for a broader ecological understanding.

Expanding Dental Hygiene Knowledge and Strategies

Dental hygienists must update their knowledge in assessing/changing health behaviors.
Innovative programs from other fields and countries are helpful to improve dental hygiene practice.

Lesson 8.2: Health Communication and Personal Development

Part 1 (1 of 3): Describes health communication related to health information technology. Presents strategies for framing health messages for various audiences and types of mobile and social media.
Part 2 (2 of 3): Identifies uses and limitations of strategies for delivering health information (like materials, activities, communication pathways, & evaluation). Outlines considerations for formats in communicating information effectively to health professionals.
Part 3 (3 of 3): Identifies opportunities for personal growth in health promotion, health communication, and health information technology.

Health Communication and Health Information Technology

Health communication involves studies and effective communication strategies that promote health, considering both individual and community decisions and actions within a social context.
It is important in health communication programs to use appropriate communication channels/contexts/content to capture attention and motivate audiences toward relevant health information.
Effective use of technology (HIT) in health communication is key to accommodate consumer expectations and accessibility needs.

Applying marketing principles to influence human behavior with the aim of improving society.
The core marketing components (Product, Price, Place, Promotion) all play integral roles.

Framing Health Messages

Effective message framing is crucial. Gain-framed messages focus on the positive benefits of behavior change, while loss-framed messages highlight the potential downsides of inaction
A critical error in health promotion is assuming increased knowledge leads to significant behavioral changes.
"Targeted” health materials help reach specific groups based on demographic characteristics for more personalized impact.
Personalization can lead to individualizing messages effectively within a health communication strategy

Consumer-Oriented Communication

Resources are available for dental hygienists for effective message selection, communication format evaluation, and audience evaluation.
Interactive formats and multimedia strategies are often more effective than basic reading or listening.
Focus groups are used effectively to assess appropriate language, literacy, and cultural appropriateness of health messages; insights into audience health literacy are also helpful tools.
Communication should be culturally sensitive and address linguistic competencies; Health promotion interventions that work often are rigorous, theory-based, have a pilot-phase, use skill building principles, and are delivered by skilled professionals.
The evaluation plan should be in place before implementing health promotion interventions, defining objectives, activities, messages, timelines, resources, responsible parties, methods, measures, and anticipated outcomes in the evaluation plan itself.

The Planning Process

Begin development of health promotion/communication plan by analyzing the needs assessment; this plan should outline objectives, target audiences, activities, timelines, resources, responsible parties, evaluation methods, measures, and anticipated outcomes.

Evaluation Considerations

Evaluating the communication channels, methods, and resources is crucial.
Evaluations can occur throughout/after educational interventions

Guiding Principles (Effectiveness of Interventions & Evaluation)

Crucial questions for evaluating interventions: did they achieve goals? Why not if not successful? Continue or modify the program? What interventions/messages show the most effectiveness? How can these be expanded to additional settings? Are used resources reasonable/cost-effective?

Presentations to Health Professionals (overview)

Includes guidelines and considerations for professional presentations across different delivery methods

Presentations to Health Professionals (types)

Poster Display: The format for a poster presentation includes session time varying (1-2 hours), visual display focus (with discussion time).
Oral Paper: Shorter presentations (10-15 minutes) using audiovisuals (powerpoint, videos, etc.), may reach larger groups.
Tips for effective poster- and oral-based presentations to health professionals also include tips.
Round Table Discussion: Interactive format (30-60 minutes) with small groups (8-10 people) using handouts/materials; discussions are beneficial with conversational topics but audience size limits how broadly information reaches.
Web-Based Presentation: Typically 30-60 minutes with live audio/slide discussions/video demonstrations; can reach larger audiences; tips include a practice session before the presentation to minimize technical difficulties.

Guiding Principles for Choosing a Presentation Format

Key questions to consider include target audience, audience size, the audience's knowledge on the topic, the presentation format and its limitations (visual resources, required discussion time).

Resources for Professional Development

Use of resources pertinent to public health topics like health education, promotion, communications, injury prevention, cancer prevention, maternal/child health, geriatrics, and school health.
Networking with professional associations (meetings, general healthcare, and specific areas).

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of health promotion and communication in dental hygiene. This chapter delves into strategies, theories, and models applicable to oral health. You'll learn about assessing diverse population needs essential for effective health communication planning.