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Questions and Answers
Which of the following diseases is NOT covered under the National Vector Borne Disease Control Program?
Which of the following diseases is NOT covered under the National Vector Borne Disease Control Program?
- Dengue
- Kala Azar
- Chikungunya
- Meningitis (correct)
What is the Annual Parasite Index (API) target for malaria set by the NVBDCP?
What is the Annual Parasite Index (API) target for malaria set by the NVBDCP?
- 5%
- 15%
- 20%
- 10% (correct)
When is World Dengue Day observed?
When is World Dengue Day observed?
- 16th May (correct)
- 15th July
- 25th April
- 30th January
Which month is designated as Anti Malaria Month according to NVBDCP?
Which month is designated as Anti Malaria Month according to NVBDCP?
What is the theme for World Neglected Tropical Disease Day?
What is the theme for World Neglected Tropical Disease Day?
What is the primary treatment regime for P. vivax malaria?
What is the primary treatment regime for P. vivax malaria?
Which statement regarding P. falciparum treatment is correct?
Which statement regarding P. falciparum treatment is correct?
In which trimester is Quinine salt indicated for P. falciparum in pregnancy?
In which trimester is Quinine salt indicated for P. falciparum in pregnancy?
What is the recommended treatment for P. falciparum and P. vivax co-infection?
What is the recommended treatment for P. falciparum and P. vivax co-infection?
Which group of patients should avoid Primaquine treatment?
Which group of patients should avoid Primaquine treatment?
What is the primary role of pigs in relation to Japanese Encephalitis?
What is the primary role of pigs in relation to Japanese Encephalitis?
Which type of Japanese Encephalitis vaccine requires reconstitution with phosphate saline?
Which type of Japanese Encephalitis vaccine requires reconstitution with phosphate saline?
What is the timing for taking the short-term prophylaxis for Japanese Encephalitis before traveling to endemic areas?
What is the timing for taking the short-term prophylaxis for Japanese Encephalitis before traveling to endemic areas?
Which of the following is NOT considered a susceptible environment for Japanese Encephalitis?
Which of the following is NOT considered a susceptible environment for Japanese Encephalitis?
What type of vaccine policy is followed by the JE Killed Vaccine?
What type of vaccine policy is followed by the JE Killed Vaccine?
What is the management drug of choice for Kala Azar?
What is the management drug of choice for Kala Azar?
Which organism is most commonly responsible for Bancroftian filariasis in India?
Which organism is most commonly responsible for Bancroftian filariasis in India?
What is the gold standard for diagnosing Kala Azar?
What is the gold standard for diagnosing Kala Azar?
Which vector is responsible for transmitting Lymphatic filariasis?
Which vector is responsible for transmitting Lymphatic filariasis?
At what age can unimmunized individuals receive the Japanese encephalitis killed vaccine?
At what age can unimmunized individuals receive the Japanese encephalitis killed vaccine?
What distinguishing feature characterizes Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)?
What distinguishing feature characterizes Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)?
Which of the following statements regarding dengue serotypes is accurate?
Which of the following statements regarding dengue serotypes is accurate?
Which mosquito genus is primarily responsible for the transmission of malaria?
Which mosquito genus is primarily responsible for the transmission of malaria?
What do the parameters of the Torniquet test in diagnosing DHF indicate?
What do the parameters of the Torniquet test in diagnosing DHF indicate?
What is the significance of the Annual Blood Examination Rate (ABER) in malaria surveillance?
What is the significance of the Annual Blood Examination Rate (ABER) in malaria surveillance?
Which mosquito is known to lay its eggs in clean, stagnant water?
Which mosquito is known to lay its eggs in clean, stagnant water?
Which diagnostic test for dengue is most effective within the first 5 days of fever?
Which diagnostic test for dengue is most effective within the first 5 days of fever?
What is the typical resting position of Culex mosquitoes?
What is the typical resting position of Culex mosquitoes?
Which mosquito genus has a flight range of 100-200 meters?
Which mosquito genus has a flight range of 100-200 meters?
Which mosquito species is defined as exophilic and primarily bites during dawn and dusk?
Which mosquito species is defined as exophilic and primarily bites during dawn and dusk?
What does the Slide Positivity Rate (SPR) indicate in community medicine?
What does the Slide Positivity Rate (SPR) indicate in community medicine?
Which of the following rates is considered the better indicator for lymphatic filariasis by taking clinical disease prevalence into account?
Which of the following rates is considered the better indicator for lymphatic filariasis by taking clinical disease prevalence into account?
What does the microfilarial density measure in lymphatic filariasis?
What does the microfilarial density measure in lymphatic filariasis?
What is the average infestation rate in the context of lymphatic filariasis?
What is the average infestation rate in the context of lymphatic filariasis?
Which characteristic of lymphatic filariasis does the microfilaria rate specifically measure?
Which characteristic of lymphatic filariasis does the microfilaria rate specifically measure?
Which method is NOT classified under anti-larval measures?
Which method is NOT classified under anti-larval measures?
What is the recommended personal protection for preventing mosquito bites?
What is the recommended personal protection for preventing mosquito bites?
Which of the following is a biological control method for mosquitoes?
Which of the following is a biological control method for mosquitoes?
Which chemical agent is primarily used as a contact poison in mosquito control?
Which chemical agent is primarily used as a contact poison in mosquito control?
What is a prominent challenge associated with the use of DDT in mosquito control?
What is a prominent challenge associated with the use of DDT in mosquito control?
What is the most sensitive method for detecting lymphatic filariasis?
What is the most sensitive method for detecting lymphatic filariasis?
Which stage of lymphedema presents with irreversible edema and skin fold thickening?
Which stage of lymphedema presents with irreversible edema and skin fold thickening?
In which time frame is the DEC provocation test ideally conducted?
In which time frame is the DEC provocation test ideally conducted?
What is the standard dosage for Di-ethyl Carbamazine (DEC) in the treatment of lymphatic filariasis?
What is the standard dosage for Di-ethyl Carbamazine (DEC) in the treatment of lymphatic filariasis?
Which symptom is specifically associated with chyluria in lymphatic filariasis?
Which symptom is specifically associated with chyluria in lymphatic filariasis?
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Study Notes
National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP)
- Covers diseases: Malaria, Dengue, Japanese Encephalitis, Chikungunya, Lymphatic Filariasis, Kala Azar.
- World Neglected Tropical Disease Day: January 30 (Theme: Act now, Act together, Invest in neglected tropical diseases).
- World Malaria Day: April 25.
- World Dengue Day: May 16.
- Anti Malaria Month: June; Anti Dengue Month: July.
World Malaria Day 2023
- Theme: Time to deliver zero malaria: Invest, innovate, implement.
- Target for NVBDCP: Annual Parasite Index (API) to be less than 10% for malaria.
- Goal: Elimination of lymphatic filariasis.
Treatment of Malaria
- P.vivax: Treated with Chloroquine (25 mg/kg over 3 days) and Primaquine (0.25 mg/kg for 14 days).
- P.falciparum: Treated using Artesinin-based combination therapy (ACT); Chloroquine is ineffective.
- Types of ACT:
- ACT-SP: Artesunate + Sulphadoxine + Pyromethamine.
- ACT-AL: Artemether + Lumefantrine.
- Treatment varies by region; specific combinations prescribed based on geographical location.
- Types of ACT:
- P.falciparum in pregnancy:
- 1st Trimester: Quinine salt.
- 2nd Trimester: Area-specific ACT.
- Contraindications for Primaquine: Pregnancy, infants, G-6 PD deficiency.
Investigation and Management of Japanese Encephalitis (JE)
- Hosts: Pigs as amplifying host, Ardeid birds and cows as maintenance hosts.
- Transmission: Culex mosquitoes; humans are dead-end hosts.
- Symptoms: Fever, altered mental status, severe headache.
- Prevention: Live vaccines no longer used. Current use of killed vaccines, requiring specific storage and administration protocols.
- Prophylaxis for travelers:
- Short-term (6 weeks) with Mefloquine.
Kala Azar
- Vector: Sand fly; nocturnal, painful bites.
- Diagnosis: Serological tests, RK 39 test, identification of Leishmania donovani bodies.
- Management:
- Treatment options include single injection of liposomal Amphotericin B and oral Miltefosine.
Lymphatic Filariasis
- Vectors include Culex quinquefasciatus (Bancroftian) and Mansonia (Brugian).
- Causative organisms: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori.
- Symptoms range from asymptomatic to various stages of lymphedema and complications like hydrocele.
Diagnosis of Lymphatic Filariasis
- Investigation methods include peripheral blood films and concentration techniques like membrane filtration.
- DEC provocation test determines microfilaria presence.
Management of Lymphatic Filariasis
- Drug of choice: Di-ethyl Carbamazine (DEC) with bi-annual mass drug administration formats.
- Recent updates include combination treatments with Albendazole and Ivermectin.
Dengue
- Comprised of 4 serotypes (DEN-1 to DEN-4); no cross-protection exists.
- Disease presentations:
- Dengue fever (DF): High fever, severe aches.
- Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF): Bleeding and increased hematocrit.
- Dengue shock syndrome (DSS): Critical low blood pressure.
- Diagnosis involves NS-1 antigen detection or IgM antibody tests.
NVBDCP Indicators
- Malaria: Target Annual Parasitic Incidence (API) is less than 1 per 1,000.
- Dengue: Indicates disease severity and prevalence through serological testing.
Integrated Vector Control
- Source Reduction: Removal of stagnant water for Anopheles, control of dirty water for Culex, maintaining clean habitats for Aedes.
- Anti-Larval Measures: Use of chemical and physical larvicides.
- Personal Protection: Bed nets and mosquito repellents.
- Biological Control: Utilization of fish species like Gambusia for controlling mosquito populations.
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