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Questions and Answers
What is the main mission of the Department of Community, Environmental, and Occupational Medicine?
What is the main mission of the Department of Community, Environmental, and Occupational Medicine?
To preserve, promote, and improve the health and well-being of populations, communities, and individuals.
Public health focuses solely on individual healthcare needs.
Public health focuses solely on individual healthcare needs.
False
Which intellectual disciplines are integrated into the science of public health?
Which intellectual disciplines are integrated into the science of public health?
Public health is concerned with ________ of the health of the community individuals.
Public health is concerned with ________ of the health of the community individuals.
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What are the main components of primary prevention according to the content?
What are the main components of primary prevention according to the content?
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Which of the following are included in environmental modifications for health promotion?
Which of the following are included in environmental modifications for health promotion?
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The decline of the death rate results in decreased life expectancy.
The decline of the death rate results in decreased life expectancy.
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Demography is the statistical study of ________ populations.
Demography is the statistical study of ________ populations.
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What is the mission of Public Health as mentioned in the content?
What is the mission of Public Health as mentioned in the content?
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Which methods can be used to promote, preserve, and restore health according to the content?
Which methods can be used to promote, preserve, and restore health according to the content?
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An infection does not always cause an ________.
An infection does not always cause an ________.
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Public Health aims to improve health while Clinical Medicine focuses on patient care. True or False?
Public Health aims to improve health while Clinical Medicine focuses on patient care. True or False?
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What are the three types of registries of vital data mentioned in the content?
What are the three types of registries of vital data mentioned in the content?
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What is the purpose of Household Surveys?
What is the purpose of Household Surveys?
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A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex distribution of a country's population.
A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex distribution of a country's population.
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Dependency ratio is the ratio between the dependent group (65 years) to the independent group __________.
Dependency ratio is the ratio between the dependent group (65 years) to the independent group __________.
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Match the demographic transition stages with their characteristics:
Match the demographic transition stages with their characteristics:
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What is the difference between temporary carriers and chronic carriers?
What is the difference between temporary carriers and chronic carriers?
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Which of the following is a mode of direct transmission of infectious agents?
Which of the following is a mode of direct transmission of infectious agents?
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Chronic typhoid carriers may be ______ or fecal carriers.
Chronic typhoid carriers may be ______ or fecal carriers.
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Fomites are capable of transferring infectious agents from patients to healthy individuals.
Fomites are capable of transferring infectious agents from patients to healthy individuals.
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What are the general measures to reduce the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)? Examples of STDs include Chlamydia trachomatis, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Trichomoniasis, Herpes simplex 2, and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
What are the general measures to reduce the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)? Examples of STDs include Chlamydia trachomatis, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Trichomoniasis, Herpes simplex 2, and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
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Which diseases are examples of zoonotic diseases mentioned in the content?
Which diseases are examples of zoonotic diseases mentioned in the content?
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Is sound waste management one of the standard precautions for infection prevention in healthcare settings?
Is sound waste management one of the standard precautions for infection prevention in healthcare settings?
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What is the purpose of droplet precautions in healthcare?
What is the purpose of droplet precautions in healthcare?
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What are some organs affected by non-communicable diseases mentioned in the text?
What are some organs affected by non-communicable diseases mentioned in the text?
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Which group of women taking hormonal contraception are at increased risk of breast cancer?
Which group of women taking hormonal contraception are at increased risk of breast cancer?
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Phenacetin, an ingredient in certain analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, is a known carcinogen to the _____ and lower urinary tract.
Phenacetin, an ingredient in certain analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, is a known carcinogen to the _____ and lower urinary tract.
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Name some drugs associated with leukaemias and lymphomas according to the text.
Name some drugs associated with leukaemias and lymphomas according to the text.
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What are the four main types of NCDs of global concern?
What are the four main types of NCDs of global concern?
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The commission on chronic illness in the USA has defined 'chronic disease' as the disease with one or more of the following characteristics: Permanent, Leave residual disability, Caused by non-reversible pathological alterations, Require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, May be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, and care. The etiology of any disease is __________.
The commission on chronic illness in the USA has defined 'chronic disease' as the disease with one or more of the following characteristics: Permanent, Leave residual disability, Caused by non-reversible pathological alterations, Require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, May be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, and care. The etiology of any disease is __________.
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NCDs represent a minor burden to individuals, governments, and societies.
NCDs represent a minor burden to individuals, governments, and societies.
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What is the purpose of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)?
What is the purpose of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)?
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Study Notes
Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine
- The department's vision is to have "Healthy People in Healthy Communities"
- The mission is to preserve, promote, and improve the health and well-being of populations, communities, and individuals
- The department prepares graduates to address the multifaceted health needs of their community and fosters collaborations among public health and the health professions in education, research, and service
Preface
- Health is a complex issue that is difficult to achieve and has variable definitions and broad scope
- Public health is concerned with promotion, prevention, and restoration of the health of the community individuals
- Collaboration between governmental and non-governmental organizations is necessary to achieve the goal of healthy community through planned systematic activities
Book Objectives
- The department's book is designed to provide medical students with essential information about the main concepts and important aspects of public health
- The book covers health promotion, prevention, early detection, and reduction of disabilities and premature deaths in the entire population
- The book integrates a wide array of intellectual disciplines, including vital statistics, demography, epidemiology, biostatistics, and more
Target Audience
- The book is intended specifically for 4th year medical students, although many professional workers, trainers, and students of public health will find it beneficial and interesting
Acknowledgments
- The authors acknowledge the help received from staff members and colleagues at the department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine for their dedicated effort throughout the initiation, development, and revision of this book
- The authors express their gratitude to previous chairpersons of the department for their cumulative effort and leadership that led to this product
Department Staff
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The department staff includes professors, emeritus professors, assistant professors, lecturers, assistant lecturers, demonstrators, and reviewers who have contributed to the development of the book### Introduction to Community Medicine
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Community medicine is the delivery of health services to individuals and families, while public health includes the delivery of community medicine services, surveillance of diseases, environmental protection, epidemiology, public education, and information services.
Definitions
- Public health is "the art and science of promoting health, preventing diseases, and increasing the span of healthy life through organized efforts of society."
- Community is a group of individuals sharing an identity, culture, and operates through common institutions and organizations.
- Preventive medicine is the science and art of application of the different levels of prevention at the population, community, and individual levels.
- Clinical medicine is concerned with diagnosing illness, treating disease, promoting health, and relieving pain and distress in individual patients.
Comparison between Clinical Medicine and Community Medicine
- Clinical medicine: patient care, information based on complaint, history, and related factors, targets diseased persons, uses lab tests and x-rays for diagnosis, and focuses on available therapy.
- Community medicine: health improvement, information based on morbidity and mortality, targets healthy and diseased persons, uses epidemiological studies for diagnosis, and focuses on health-related services.
Successful Preventive Strategies
- Smallpox vaccination with a good surveillance system eradicated the disease globally.
- Modification of behavior controlled AIDS.
- Screening for early detection of breast cancer was effective.
- National programs of Hepatitis C Virus screening and treatment of positive cases, and non-communicable diseases screening (obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus) were successful.
Working within the Community
- To work effectively within a community, one should define the boundaries of the community based on geographic, demographic, and administrative data.
- Important factors to consider include population characteristics, economic activities, social background, educational levels, culture, and traditions, environmental sanitation problems, existing community development projects, and governmental and non-governmental organizations serving the community.
Roles of Public Health
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The 10 roles of public health include monitoring health status to identify and solve community health problems.### Diagnose and Investigate Health Problems
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Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community
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Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
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Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems
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Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
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Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety
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Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable
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Assure a competent public and personal healthcare workforce
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Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services
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Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems
Epidemiology
- Epidemiology is the study of the distribution, dynamics, and determinants of health-related states and events in a defined population and the application of this study to the control of health problems
- Distribution includes a description of the disease frequency by person, time, and place
- Dynamics means the interaction between different factors in transmission of diseases
- Determinants are factors that determine the probability of occurrence of disease (i.e., risk factors)
Uses of Epidemiology
- Study the etiology of diseases and identify diseases’ risk factors
- Syndrome identification and describing the natural history of a disease
- Identify the factors or conditions that can be modified to prevent the occurrence or spread of the disease
- Identify the health needs of the community
- Measure trends of diseases (i.e., change of disease pattern by time)
Important Definitions in Epidemiology
- Health: a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
- Infection: the entry and multiplication of an infectious agent inside the body
- Endemic: the constant presence of a disease within a given geographical area or population group
- Epidemic: the occurrence of a disease in the community in excess number of cases more than expected
- Outbreak: the term used when the epidemic occurs in a small confined area
- Pandemic: an epidemic affecting more than one country
- Zoonoses: an infectious disease transmitted from vertebrate animals to man
Etiology of Diseases
- The epidemiologic triad: the interaction between the agent, host, and environmental factors
- Agent factors: biological, physical, chemical, or nutritive agents
- Host factors: intrinsic (non-modifiable: age, sex, ethnic group, race, etc.) and extrinsic (modifiable: occupation, education, marital status, diet habits, etc.)
- Environmental factors: physical, biological, and socio-cultural
Natural History of Diseases
- The course of a disease over time, unaffected by treatment
- The role of community medicine is applied throughout the whole health spectrum of individuals
- The stages of disease: positive health, susceptibility, pre-pathogenesis, manifest disease, disability, and death
Levels of Prevention
- Primary prevention: actions taken prior to the onset of disease, which remove the possibility that a disease will occur
- Secondary prevention: actions taken at an early stage of the disease that prevent its progress and prevent complications
- Tertiary prevention: actions that reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, and rehabilitation
Demography
- Demography is the statistical study of human populations
- Importance of demography: public health focuses on the health of the population, and demography helps to study its dynamics
Methods of Data Collection in Demography
- Census: a national survey for systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population
- Census approaches: de facto (enumeration of individuals as where they are found during the census day) and de jure (enumeration of individuals as where they usually reside)
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Description
A quiz for 4th year medical students covering community medicine concepts, environmental and occupational medicine. Focuses on healthy people and communities.
