Community Health and Research Principles

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between centralization and decentralization in terms of decision-making power?

In centralization, those at the bottom have little or no power for decision making. (correct)

In centralization, those at the bottom have more power for decision making.

In decentralization, those at the top have more power for decision making.

In decentralization, those at the bottom have little or no power for decision making.

What is the primary goal of community health research and health education programs?

To ask unrestricted questions

To make observations without limitations

To attain community and public health (correct)

To respect individual rights

What is the purpose of a Community Health Assessment?

To evaluate the impact of projects

To implement projects without planning

To plan for the community without community involvement

To identify specific problems of the community (correct)

What is a characteristic of Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)?

It equitably involves all partners in the research process Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of community health workers or educators?

They must respect individual rights Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of decentralization in terms of funding?

Funds come from the local government Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of developing a Community Road Map to Health?

To plan for the community based on identified problems Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of those at the bottom of the hierarchy in a decentralization system?

They have more accountabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the government in addressing communicable diseases?

Prevention, control, and treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of environmental sanitation in the context of primary health care?

Promotion of health through safe water and sanitation Signup and view all the answers

What motivates a person to communicate with another in the communication process?

Referent Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the receiver in the communication process?

To decode the message Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of verbal communication?

To convey information or ideas Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of non-verbal communication?

Facial expressions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of feedback in the communication process?

To reveal whether the message is understood Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of safe water and sanitation in the context of primary health care?

It is necessary for the basic promotion of health Signup and view all the answers

Which action is crucial when diluting acid?

Always add acid to water. Signup and view all the answers

What type of extinguisher should be used for flammable liquids?

Carbon Dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a method for breaking the chain of infection?

Frequent social gatherings Signup and view all the answers

What defines 'Control' in disease prevention?

Ongoing operations aimed at reducing incidence. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures is recommended for portal of entry protection?

PPE and isolation. Signup and view all the answers

Which fire type requires a specialized extinguisher like Metal X?

Flammable Metals Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct response for a detonation fire hazard?

Allow it to burn out while protecting adjacent materials. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fire extinguisher is suitable for electric equipment?

Dry Chemical Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the family according to Duval (1971)?

Acting as the primary source of education for children. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided text, what is the key distinction between a traditional family and a single-parent family?

The presence or absence of a legal marriage between the parents. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of a cohabitating family?

The presence of a romantic relationship between the partners, regardless of legal status. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided text, which of the following is NOT a reason why individuals might choose to live in a cohabitating family?

To create a traditional nuclear family structure with a husband and wife. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a single adult living alone and a single parent family according to the text?

The presence or absence of children in the household. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor mentioned in the text as a reason for single parenthood?

The desire to live a solitary and independent lifestyle. Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, which of the following is NOT a key element of the Socialization Function of the family?

Ensuring the physical safety and security of family members. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided information, what is the primary difference between the economic function of the family and the physical function of the family?

The economic function is focused on providing financial support, while the physical function is focused on meeting the physical needs of family members. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of health education as described in Primary Health Care?

To inform people about the most healthful ways of living Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the approach to controlling locally endemic diseases?

Focus on prevention of occurrences within the community Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccinations are typically included in the Expanded Program on Immunization?

Poliomyelitis, Measles, Tetanus, Diphtheria Signup and view all the answers

The maternal and child health indicators primarily assess which of the following aspects?

Morbidity and mortality rates of mothers and infants Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Essential Drugs component in Primary Health Care?

To educate about proper drug utilization and acquisition Signup and view all the answers

How does nutrition impact the health of a family according to Primary Health Care principles?

Proper food planning ensures a healthy family environment Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key outcomes expected from effective maternal and child health care?

Improvement in the protection against mortality and morbidity Signup and view all the answers

Which act focuses on the proper utilization and acquisition of drugs in the Philippines?

Republic Act No. 6675 - The Generic Act of 1988 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that enhances the feeling of safety?

Regular contact with people we trust and feel close to Signup and view all the answers

According to Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what is a precondition for self-actualization?

Meeting our lower level needs in some degree Signup and view all the answers

What is a right that falls under Economic, Social and Cultural Rights?

Right to work and free choice of employment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of primary prevention?

To provide specific protection against diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of self-actualization?

It is a continuous process throughout life Signup and view all the answers

What is a common source of self-esteem?

The acceptance and approval of people important to us Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of primary preventive efforts?

It spares clients cost, discomfort, and threat to quality of life Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental human need that is closely related to love and belonging?

Structure and security Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary sources of chemical hazards in swimming pools?

Source water, disinfectants, and pool users Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT a route of exposure to chemicals in swimming pools?

Direct contact with non-aqueous substances Signup and view all the answers

Which pollutant is classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC)?

Formaldehyde Signup and view all the answers

What is the major source of air pollution in numerous regions of the Philippines according to emission data?

Transport sector Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of air is primarily influenced by pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide?

Chemical composition of air Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sources is the least likely to contribute to radiation pollution?

Natural gas emissions Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of air is composed of nitrogen?

78.09% Signup and view all the answers

Which of these pollutants is categorized as suspended particulate matter?

Asbestos Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT among the ten leading causes of morbidity in the Philippines as of 1991?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is the most significant contributor to maternal mortality in the Philippines based on the data from 1991?

Postpartum Hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

In the context of public health, which of these factors is primarily associated with the rising costs limiting access to healthcare for marginalized families?

Rising cost of drugs and hospitalization Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the family as defined in the context provided?

To create a common culture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is included in both the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines?

Tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a notable environmental issue impacting public health?

Endemic malaria Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of low coverage of national health insurance systems as mentioned in the data?

Limited access to affordable healthcare Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a leading cause of maternal mortality in the Philippines as of 1991?

Infection after childbirth Signup and view all the answers

What does the health care organization encompass?

A combination of public health and community health services Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the model of health and the community eco-system?

A framework emphasizing the importance of social support networks in community health Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of health is primarily affected by human biology?

All forms of health reflecting the individual's organic makeup Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a critical component in the prevention of communicable diseases?

Effective disposal of waste and sewage Signup and view all the answers

What role does lifestyle play in an individual's health?

Lifestyle encompasses decisions that substantially affect health Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is external to the individual and affects health?

Availability of clean air and water Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of imposing mandatory motorcycle helmet laws?

Increased public health safety through decreased morbidity and mortality Signup and view all the answers

Which chronic disease is specifically mentioned as resulting from aspects of human biology?

Atherosclerosis due to age-related factors Signup and view all the answers

What does wellness encompass according to Halbert Dunn?

An integrated method of functioning aimed at maximizing individual potential. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes illness?

A condition where an individual’s needs are not sufficiently met. Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy emphasizes the empowerment of parents and communities in health decision-making?

Elevating Health to a Comprehensive and Sustained National Effort. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key goal of promoting community-managed health care?

To establish sustainable community financial mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

What approach does increasing efficiencies in the health sector primarily advocate for?

Utilizing appropriate technologies to enhance service delivery. Signup and view all the answers

Advancing Essential National Research incorporates which of the following methods?

An intersectoral and multidisciplinary approach to health programming. Signup and view all the answers

What is a vital aspect of utilizing technology in the health sector?

Technology must support affordable and accessible service delivery. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for the advocacy of health concerns at the national and local levels?

Legislative and logistical backing from policy makers. Signup and view all the answers

Human waste includes ______ (yellow bag) that is infectious.

stool Signup and view all the answers

The HAT or UNHOLY THREE includes ______, A.lumbricoides, and T.Trichiura.

Hookworm Signup and view all the answers

Category A of bioterrorism includes ______ caused by yersinia pestis.

Plague Signup and view all the answers

Cholera is caused by ______ and can cause dehydration if not treated.

vibrio cholerae Signup and view all the answers

The primary goal of ______ health care is community-based.

primary Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the first line of immunity in the human body.

skin Signup and view all the answers

Heparin is a ______ anticoagulant.

natural Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the largest human nematode.

parasite Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of a population refers to the number of people who are alive.

size Signup and view all the answers

An ______ is a disease outbreak that affects a large number of people in a specific region.

epidemic Signup and view all the answers

Leptospirosis is caused by the bacteria ______.

Leptospira Signup and view all the answers

The ______ rate measures the number of deaths related to a specific disease.

mortality Signup and view all the answers

The ______ function of the family involves providing emotional support and nurturing.

socialization Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of needs theory emphasizes the importance of fulfilling basic needs before higher-level needs can be met.

hierarchy Signup and view all the answers

______ is a type of excreta disposal system where faeces are collected in a container.

CARTAGE Signup and view all the answers

The ______ System involves storing faeces in a pit and leaving them to decompose.

PIT LATRINE Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a type of system where sewage is collected and treated.

SEWAGE Signup and view all the answers

The RA 9003 law is also known as the ______ Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.

ECOLOGICAL Signup and view all the answers

The Department of ______ is responsible for addressing disease in the community.

HEALTH Signup and view all the answers

One type of hazard is a ______ hazard, which involves organisms such as bacteria and parasites.

BIOLOGICAL Signup and view all the answers

______ is a type of hazard that involves chemicals such as chlorine and urine.

MICROBIAL Signup and view all the answers

The old term for disease control is now known as the ______ for Disease Control and Prevention.

CENTER Signup and view all the answers

DOH stands for ______ contact

Direct Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of water refers to its quality

Quality Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a study of water

hydrology Signup and view all the answers

The ______ waste is classified as yellow

Infect Signup and view all the answers

The 3 Rs stand for ______, Reduce and Recycle

Reuse Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a patent holder of ECR

Engr.Fangonon Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of excreta refers to faeces, HAT

Human Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a lifetime infection

amoebiasis Signup and view all the answers

The ______ mosquito carries the plasmodium parasite that causes malaria.

Anopheles Signup and view all the answers

The ______ program provides vaccinations for preventable diseases like polio and measles.

Expanded Signup and view all the answers

The ______ function of a family refers to providing emotional support and a sense of belonging.

Socialization Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of infection is a series of steps that must occur for a disease to spread.

Chain Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a substance that can cause harm or damage to living organisms.

Hazard Signup and view all the answers

The ______ process involves the transfer of information between a sender and a receiver.

Communication Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a visual representation of the stages a family goes through over time.

Family Signup and view all the answers

The ______ virus causes a disease characterized by fever, rash, and joint pain.

Zika Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Special Needs and Community Health

Higher-level care for patients with special needs sees lower referral rates compared to lower tiers, as illustrated by the pyramid model.
Complex cases limited to a few are typically referred to the third level of the healthcare pyramid.

Community Road Map to Health

Involves systematic community health assessments to identify specific issues, plan interventions, execute projects, and evaluate impacts.
Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) fosters collaboration, recognizing the strengths of all partners involved.

Centralization vs. Decentralization

Centralization: Features many hierarchical levels; lower levels have minimal decision-making power and accountability; funds sourced from the national government.
Decentralization: Characterized by fewer hierarchical levels; empowers lower levels in decision-making, increases accountability, and sources funds from local governments.

Ethics of Community Health

Community health workers face various ethical concerns, needing to respect individual rights during research and health education outreach.

Chemical Handling

Always add acid to water to avoid risks of splashing or explosion that may occur if water is added to acid.

Fire Hazards

Types of Fire:
- Class A: Ordinary combustibles (use water, dry chemical, loaded stream).
- Class B: Flammable liquids (use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, Halon foam).
- Class C: Electrical fires (use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, Halon foam).
- Class D: Flammable metals (use Metal X, sand; fighters only can combat).
- Class E: Detonation fires (allowed to burn while protecting nearby materials).
- Class K: Cooking media (use liquids designed to prevent splashing).

Breaking the Chain of Infection

Key elements include:
- Infectious Agent: Rapid diagnosis essential.
- Reservoir: Sanitation and wellness programs needed.
- Portal of Exit: PPE and handwashing critical.
- Mode of Transmission: Isolation, airflow control, proper food handling.
- Portal of Entry: Aseptic techniques and wound care are vital.
- Susceptible Host: Immunization and management of risk cases are critical.

Measuring Progress: Disease Control Tiers

Control: Ongoing programs reduce disease incidence and prevalence.

Functions of the Family

Physical: Ensures a safe and comfortable environment for growth.
Economic: Provides financial support to members and society.
Reproductive: Function met through childbirth.
Socialization: Critical for teaching values and coping mechanisms.

Family Structure

Traditional Family: Nuclear family living close to extended family for stability.
Single-Parent Families: Comprised of divorced, separated, or never married individuals.
Alternate Family Structures: Include cohabitating families and single adults who maintain ties to their family of origin.

Definitions

Health: Complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.

Primary Health Care Components

Education for Health: Dissemination of health knowledge to improve community health.
Locally Endemic Disease Control: Focuses on preventing endemic diseases like malaria.
Expanded Program on Immunization: Government program providing free immunizations for preventable diseases.
Maternal and Child Health: Indicators of community health tied to maternal and infant mortality rates.
Essential Drugs: Promotes proper use and access to medications following the Generic Act of 1988 in the Philippines.
Nutrition: Addressing malnutrition through proper food preparation and planning.
Treatment of Communicable Diseases: Government efforts focus on prevention, control, and treatment of diseases like tuberculosis.
Safe Water and Sanitation: Critical for promoting health and preventing disease.

Communication Process

Involves sharing information and meeting psychosocial needs through effective social interactions.
Elements include:
- Referent: Motivation behind communication.
- Sender: Initiates the communication.
- Message: Information conveyed.
- Channels: Methods of transmitting messages (visual, auditory, tactile).
- Receiver: Individual interpreting the message.
- Feedback: Determines message clarity and understanding.

Modes of Communication

Verbal Communication: Involves spoken or written language to convey ideas and emotions.
Non-Verbal Communication: Includes gestures, body language, and facial expressions used in person-to-person interactions.

Mandatory Motorcycle Helmet Laws

Justification for prohibiting certain choices for public health protection, focusing on reduced morbidity and mortality rates.
Legislation aims to lessen societal burdens caused by individual decisions.

Human Biology

Involves physical and mental health aspects shaped by basic biology and individual organic makeup.
Maturation and aging processes influence health outcomes, linking to chronic diseases (e.g., arthritis, diabetes) and genetic disorders.

Environment

Encompasses external materials impacting health that individuals often cannot control, such as food, water, and pollution.
Emphasizes the need for effective management of air, water, and noise pollution to prevent disease spread.

Lifestyle

Comprises individual choices greatly impacting personal health, with varying degrees of control available to the individual.

Health Care Organization

Encompasses the entire health care system, including medical practices, community health services, and various specialized care treatments.

Health and Community Eco-System Model

Proposes that community health relies on social support networks to thrive.
Recognizes sporadic swimming pool-related illness outbreaks linked to microbial contamination and chemical exposure.

Air Quality and Pollution Control

Normal air composition: 78.09% nitrogen, 20.94% oxygen, and others.
Air pollution arises from harmful physical and chemical alterations of air quality, affecting health, flora, and fauna.

Common Air Pollutants

Recognized pollutants include carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and suspended particulates.
Transport sector is a major pollution source, especially in regions like the Philippines, regulated by the Clean Air Act of 1999.

Radiation Pollution

Refers to heightened radiation levels from human activities, including nuclear testing and medical applications.
Importance of psychological safety and a sense of belonging for overall well-being.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Basic needs include safety from the environment, love and belonging, followed by self-esteem and self-actualization.
Self-actualization represents the continuous pursuit of personal potential.

Human Rights

Civil and political rights promote equality, freedom of expression, and access to public services.
Economic, social, and cultural rights ensure fair work opportunities, leisure, and health standards.

Levels of Prevention

Primary prevention focuses on specific health protections to avert disease onset through proactive measures like education, counseling, and lifestyle changes.
Existing health threats in the Philippines include malnutrition, endemic diseases, and accessibility issues to healthcare.

Leading Causes of Morbidity and Mortality in the Philippines (1991)

Morbidity: diarrhea, bronchitis, influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis, accidents, heart diseases, malaria, varicella, measles.
Mortality: heart diseases, pneumonia, vascular diseases, tuberculosis, cancers, accidents, septicemia, diarrhea, nephritis, respiratory conditions in infants.

Maternal Mortality Causes in the Philippines (1991)

Includes postpartum hemorrhage, hypertension during pregnancy, complications during labor, and hemorrhages related to pregnancy.

Family Concept

Families are the fundamental societal unit, fulfilling essential needs and contributing to physical, mental, and emotional development.

Wellness

Defined as functioning effectively toward maximizing individual potential through balance and a sense of purpose in one’s environment.

Illness

Characterized by unmet needs that hinder physical and psychosocial well-being.

Strategies for Primary Health Care

Elevating health to a national effort by empowering communities for health decision-making.
Supporting community-managed health care through organizational backing and resource development.
Enhancing efficiencies in the health sector via appropriate technologies and educational support.
Promoting integrated national research strategies to improve health programs and delivery systems.

Community and Public Health Foundations

Human waste management is critical; stool is classified as infectious and disposed of in yellow bags.
Urine requires special handling with natlypochlonate due to potential parasites; blood is contained with antiseptics for safety.
Bloodborne pathogens include HIV, handled with utmost care.
Fast bacilli and various parasites are significant in public health concerns.

Infectious Diseases and Pandemics

HAT refers to the 'Unholy Three' parasites: Hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Trichuris trichiura.
The Black Death pandemic, caused by Yersinia pestis, resulted in the death of approximately 500 individuals.
Plague is considered a bioterrorism organism.
Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, leads to severe dehydration from simultaneous vomiting and diarrhea if untreated.
Lifestyle-related diseases, including cancer and heart disease, contribute to significant mortality and morbidity.

Categories of Bioterrorism Diseases

Category A bioterrorism agents consist of Anthrax, Botulism, Plague, Smallpox, and Tularemia.
Concerns regarding the origins of COVID-19 suggest a manufactured origin from foreign sources.

Healthcare Access Levels

Primary health care focuses on community health strategies.
Secondary health care includes community fogging for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus management against dengue and chikungunya.
Tertiary care involves hospital procedures, such as intravenous hydration for dehydration.

Vaccination and Immunization

Children receive OPV, measles, and polio vaccines; adults and seniors are immunized against COVID-19, flu, and pneumococcal diseases.
HPV vaccines are recommended for girls.

Environmental Health and Water Management

Understanding water classification and quality is essential for public health.
Sources of community water include protected springs, dug wells, boreholes, and piped water supply.
Microbial contamination in water, such as fecal coliform content, is a significant health concern.
Waterborne diseases like amoebiasis are treated with metronidazole.

Waste Management and Environmental Laws

Solid waste is classified by type: biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and infectious waste.
Legal frameworks like the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003) guide waste management practices.
Community excreta management systems include pit latrines and septic tanks.

Disease Epidemiology and Monitoring

Monitoring morbidity and mortality rates helps understand disease prevalence in populations.
The Department of Health tracks incidents of diseases such as dengue and leptospirosis.

International Health Frameworks

The CDC has evolved from communicable disease control to a broader center focusing on prevention.
Bioterrorism pathogens include Brucellosis, Melioidosis, and Nipah virus, classified under Categories B and C.

Factors like family structure and peer influence play significant roles in health behaviors and outcomes.
Economic, physical, and social development can contribute to mental health conditions.

Essential Elements of Primary Healthcare

Education, disease control, maternal and child health, access to essential drugs, nutrition, treatment of communicable diseases, and safe water sanitation are foundational components.
Preventing foodborne illnesses (e.g., salmonella, campylobacter) through proper food handling is crucial for public health safety.

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