Community Ecology Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Define community.

Group of different species within a set space that interact and impart change onto each other.

Define community ecology.

Study of how the different species within a community interact to create a functional existence.

What is tolerance range?

A species will spread itself out within a given space according to its specific tolerance range.

What dictates tolerance range?

<p>Life cycle characteristics, interactions with other species, personal abilities to survive in certain abiotic conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does tolerance range define?

<p>The species complement of a community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sometimes different communities can be distinguished by sharp division due to?

<p>Mostly major changes in biotic or abiotic environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ecotone?

<p>The interface between communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it more likely the divide between communities is not sharp?

<p>Caused by gradient changes in the environment, resulting in the bleeding together of different communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ecological niche?

<p>The role of a particular species within a community, incorporating all biotic and abiotic considerations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give examples of ecological niche.

<p>Habitat, food sources, predator/prey relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental niche?

<p>The potential ecological niche that an organism could inhabit if no restricting species were present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a realized niche?

<p>The true ecological niche that an organism settles for within a community of interacting species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of ecological interactions?

<p>Competition, mutualism, predation/parasitism, commensalism, amensalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Effects of competition does harm to both parties.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Effects of mutualism benefits both parties.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Effects of predation/parasitism does harm to one and benefit the other.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Effects of commensalism benefits one while the other is unaffected.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Effect of amensalism harms one while the other is unaffected.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define competition.

<p>When two or more organisms contend for resources including food, shelter, water, space, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two forms of competition?

<p>Interspecific = Occurs between different species. Intraspecific = Occurs within the same species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define interspecific competition.

<p>Occurs between populations of different species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define intraspecific competition.

<p>Occurs within a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define consumptive competition.

<p>Organisms compete for the same nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of competition.

<p>Interconnecting roots from multiple trees compete for nutrient uptake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the competitor exclusion principle?

<p>Two species cannot share the same niche for an indefinite amount of time; eventually one will force the other to adopt a new niche or die.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prey defenses are stimulated by the ongoing threat of predators.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are types of prey defenses?

<p>Mechanical defenses, safety in numbers, coloration, mimicry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define mechanical defenses.

<p>Physiological hardware for defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define safety in numbers.

<p>Creation of group protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define coloration.

<p>Cryptic or warning coloration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mimicry forms?

<p>Müllerian and Batesian mimicry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Müllerian mimicry.

<p>When a form of harmful prey mimics the appearance of another harmful prey.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of Müllerian mimicry.

<p>Wasp and bumblebee both have characteristic coloring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Batesian mimicry.

<p>When benign prey mimics the appearance of harmful prey.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of Batesian mimicry.

<p>Hornet moth is harmless, but is shaded similarly to a wasp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define symbiosis.

<p>The co-evolution of species as a result of close association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Community and Community Ecology

  • A community consists of multiple species within a specific area, interacting and influencing one another.
  • Community ecology examines the interactions among species in a community, focusing on how these relationships create functional ecosystems.

Tolerance Range

  • Tolerance range determines where a species can distribute itself, influenced by its specific environmental limits.
  • Factors dictating tolerance range include life cycle traits, interspecies interactions, and the individual species' survival capabilities in varying abiotic conditions.
  • A species' tolerance range helps define the community's species composition.

Community Distinctions

  • Sharp boundaries between communities often arise from significant biotic or abiotic environmental changes.
  • However, communities are typically not sharply defined due to gradual environmental gradients, leading to intermingling.

Ecological Niche

  • An ecological niche describes the specific role of a species within its community, considering both biotic and abiotic factors.
  • Examples of ecological niches include habitat, food sources, and predator-prey relationships.

Niche Types

  • Fundamental niche: Theoretical niche an organism could occupy without any restrictions from other species, based exclusively on abiotic conditions.
  • Realized niche: The actual niche a species occupies, accounting for competition and predation within a community.

Interactions in Ecology

  • Various interactions define relationships among species:
    • Competition: Negative impact on both parties.
    • Mutualism: Benefits both species involved.
    • Predation/Parasitism: Harms one organism while benefiting another.
    • Commensalism: One organism benefits, and the other remains unaffected.
    • Amensalism: One species is harmed while the other is unaffected.

Competition Dynamics

  • Competition occurs when multiple organisms vie for resources such as food and space.
  • It's categorized into:
    • Interspecific competition: Between different populations.
    • Intraspecific competition: Within a single population.
  • Consumptive competition involves organisms competing for identical nutrients.

Competitive Exclusion Principle

  • Two species cannot coexist indefinitely if they share the same niche; one species will dominate, forcing the other to adapt or perish.

Prey Defenses

  • Ongoing threats from predators stimulate the evolution of prey defenses.
  • Types of prey defenses include:
    • Mechanical defenses: Physical traits that deter predators.
    • Safety in numbers: Group protection against predation.
    • Colouration: Cryptic or warning colors that can confuse or deter predators.
    • Mimicry: Adaptations where one species resembles another to avoid predation.

Mimicry Types

  • Mullerian mimicry: Harmful prey species resemble one another, reinforcing avoidance by predators.
  • Batesian mimicry: Harmless prey mimics the appearance of harmful prey, deterring predators due to mistaken identity.

Symbiosis

  • Symbiosis refers to the close association and co-evolution of different species, resulting in varying levels of interaction and impact between them.

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Test your knowledge of community ecology with these flashcards. Learn about key definitions, concepts, and the interactions between different species within a community. Perfect for students studying ecology or related fields.

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