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Questions and Answers
What is the difference in millivolts between the inside and outside of a neuron during resting potential?
What is the difference in millivolts between the inside and outside of a neuron during resting potential?
70
Which ions are found outside the neuron membrane during resting potential?
Which ions are found outside the neuron membrane during resting potential?
The neuron's interior has an overall positive charge during resting potential.
The neuron's interior has an overall positive charge during resting potential.
False
Action potential is a brief reversal of membrane potential where the membrane potential changes from $-70mV$ to ________.
Action potential is a brief reversal of membrane potential where the membrane potential changes from $-70mV$ to ________.
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Which phase of action potential involves sodium ions rushing through open voltage-gated sodium channels?
Which phase of action potential involves sodium ions rushing through open voltage-gated sodium channels?
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What is the principle that states the strength of a response of a nerve cell is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus?
What is the principle that states the strength of a response of a nerve cell is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus?
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Study Notes
Communication within the Neuron
- The resting potential of a neuron is -70 millivolts (negative 70mV), which is a result of the concentration of ions inside and outside the cell membrane.
- The resting potential is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump, which pumps three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions that enter the cell.
- Gated channels, such as sodium and potassium channels, regulate the movement of ions across the cell membrane.
- The action potential is a brief reversal of the membrane potential, where the potential changes from -70mV to +40mV.
- The action potential has three phases: depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization.
- The refractory period is the time during which the cell is incapable of repeating an action potential.
Communication between Neurons
- A synapse is the contact between two neuronal cells, where information is passed from one neuron to the next through chemical signals.
- The structure of a synapse consists of three layers: the presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, and post-synaptic terminal.
- Synaptic transmission is the biological process by which a neuron communicates with a target cell across a synapse.
- There are two types of synapses: chemical and electrical.
- Axon terminals can form junctions with effector organs, such as muscle cells and glands.
Reflex Arc
- Reflex action is an involuntary and sudden response to stimuli, which minimizes damage to the body from potentially harmful conditions.
- The nerve pathway followed by a reflex action is called a reflex arc, which consists of a receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, and effector.
- Reflexes do not involve the conscious part of the brain and are relatively fast responses.
Beyond Reflexes
- The nervous system plays a role in behavior beyond reflexes, involving the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and autonomic nervous system.
- The somatic and autonomic nervous systems work collaboratively to control action.
- The brain processes information, makes decisions, and triggers voluntary behaviors, such as emotions, memory, and perception.
Structure of the Nervous System
- The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
- The autonomic nervous system is further divided into the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
- The enteric nervous system is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that controls the gastrointestinal tract.
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Description
Learn about communication within the neuron, between neurons, and the process involved in the Reflex Arc. Understand how the nervous system functions and its impact on behavior.
