w6ch1

Broadband Technology

• Broadband technology allows for high-speed transmission of voice, video, and data over networks like the Internet.
• It involves the use of greater bandwidth or transmission capacity of a medium.

Implementation of Broadband

• The Indian government has formulated a Broadband Policy to strengthen broadband penetration.
• The policy aims to:
  • Establish a regulatory framework for the carriage and content of information.
  • Facilitate the development of national infrastructure for an information-based society.
  • Make available broadband interactive multimedia services to users in the public network.
  • Provide high-speed data and multimedia capability to towns with a population greater than 2 lakhs.
  • Make available Internet services at the panchayat (village) level for access to information.

Need of Broadband

• Broadband is essential for socio-economic development, as it enables fast communication for various applications.
• Traditional circuit switching networks are not suitable for effective and fast communication.
• Packet switching networks have emerged as a solution, allowing for communication of data with different throughputs.

Applications of Broadband

• Broadband applications can be categorized into three groups:
  • Professional activities (related to employment).
  • Entertainment activities (game playing, movie watching, etc.).
  • Consumer activities (all other non-employment and non-entertainment activities).

xDSL Technology

• xDSL (Digital Subscriber Lines) technologies include ADSL, SDSL, HDSL, and VDSL.
• xDSL is backed by telephone companies to provide high-bandwidth services using existing telephone copper cabling infrastructure.
• xDSL allows digital data to be transmitted directly, eliminating the need for analog conversion.
• This enables a much wider bandwidth for transmitting data, making it possible to achieve higher data rates.

How DSL Works

• xDSL technology utilizes frequencies above the telephone bandwidth (300Hz to 3,400Hz) to encode more data.
• CAP (Carrierless Amplitude and Phase) modulation is used to split data into two bit streams and adapt to varying line conditions.
• DMT (Discrete MultiTone) modulation is used to distribute data over multiple subcarriers, each using QAM modulation.

Advantages of xDSL

• xDSL technology offers higher data rates compared to traditional modems.
• It allows for simultaneous use of telephone and computer on the same line.
• Implementation costs are relatively low.

Broadband Solutions

• Represent the convergence of multiple independent networks (voice, video, and data) into a single, unified, broadband network.

Definition of Broadband

• A non-specific term for high-speed digital Internet access.
• Indicates a means of connectivity at a high or 'broad' bandwidth.
• Defined by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) as an advanced telecommunications capability.
• In India, broadband connectivity is defined as an 'always-on' data connection with a minimum download speed of 512 kbps.

Characteristics of Broadband

• Refers to greater bandwidth or transmission capacity of a medium.
• Allows for high-speed transmission of voice, video, and data over networks like the Internet.

Implementation of Broadband in India

• The Government of India has formulated a Broadband Policy with objectives to:
  • Establish a regulatory framework for the carriage and content of information in the scenario of convergence.
  • Facilitate development of national infrastructure for an information-based society.
  • Make available broadband interactive multimedia services to users in the public network.

Need of Broadband

• Essential for socio-economic development in the field of communication of data, audio, video, speech, or any other kind of application.
• Provides economy with the fastest tool of communication and more throughput.

Wireline and Wireless Technologies

• Wireline technologies include:
  • Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) on copper loop.
  • Optical Fiber Technologies.
  • Cable TV Network.
  • PLC (Power Line Communication).
• Wireless technologies include:
  • Satellite Media.
  • Terrestrial Wireless.
  • 3G Mobile.
  • Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity).
  • WiMax.
  • LMDS and MMDS.
  • FSO (Free Space Optics).

Broadband Network

• The broadband services reached to customers through three providers: Service Provider, Network Provider, and Access Provider.
• Wireline access technology adopts IP-based Network and ATM Network.
• Wireless access technology provides wireless access to ingress point of any core network.

Broadband Technologies in Asian Countries

• Two stages of development in Asian countries: early stage with sharp technological divisions, and later stage with multiple modes of access.

Modulation Techniques

• DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone) modulation: a high-grade performance modulation technique for DSL.
• DWMT (Discrete Wavelet Multitone): a developmental variant of DMT, providing better sub-channel isolation.
• FMT (Filtered MultiTone) modulation: a multicarrier modulation scheme with advantages in frequency band utilization.

Conclusion

• Broadband access networks connect millions of users to the Internet, providing various services, including integrated voice, data, and video.
• Emerging broadband access technologies aim to meet increasing bandwidth demands for multimedia applications.

Feature Length Movies and Broadcast Quality Video

• Feature length movies require 1.5 Mbps of bandwidth, while broadcast quality video requires more, potentially up to 6.0 Mbps
• High definition television (HDTV) requires almost 20.0 Mbps of bandwidth, much higher than current broadband technologies can support

Specialized Broadband Services

• The Internet will spin off thousands of specialized broadband services
• The access network needs to provide a platform for delivery of these services

Applications and Services

• Virtual networks: private virtual networks (LAN/WAN) can be used for multimedia services like bank accounts and central offices
• Education by distance: remote learning centers can be connected to traditional schools, allowing students to participate in classes remotely via videoconference
• Telework: organization firm workers can work remotely using communication systems via satellite, connecting directly to their head offices via high-speed connection
• Telemedicine: doctors can consult with other medical centers using videoconference and exchange high-quality images, test results, and information

Analog Transmission and Bandwidth Bottleneck

• Analog transmission uses a small portion of the available bandwidth of copper wires
• The maximum amount of data that can be received using ordinary modems is about 56 Kbps (128 Kbps with ISDN)
• The telephone company filters digital data, converting it to analog form for transmission over copper wires, and then back to digital for the modem
• This process creates a bandwidth bottleneck

xDSL Technology

• xDSL technology transmits digital data directly as digital data, using a wider bandwidth for transmission
• The signal can be separated to allow for analog transmission for phone use on the same line
• xDSL uses frequencies above the telephone bandwidth (300Hz to 3,400Hz), encoding more data to achieve higher data rates
• Advances in DSP technology and algorithms have increased bandwidth utilization

Modulation Techniques

• QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation): combines amplitude modulation and phase shift keying, using two carriers with the same frequency but differing in phase by 90 degrees
• CAP (Carrierless Amplitude/Phase) modulation: produces the same form of signal as QAM, without requiring in-phase and quadrature components of the carrier
• DMT (Discrete MultiTone) modulation: distributes data over a large number of subcarriers, each using QAM modulation
• FMT (Filtered MultiTone) modulation: combines elements of QAM and DMT, using a filter-bank to modulate the data

Conclusion

• In recent decades, there has been rapid development of global communication infrastructure and the Internet, accompanied by increasing user bandwidth demands and emerging multimedia applications.

Overview of Broadband Access Technology

• Traditional circuit switching networks are not supporting effective fast communication for new applications.
• Packet switching networks have evolved to carry data for various applications with different throughput.

Limitations of Narrowband Dial-up Access

• Narrowband dial-up access is no longer sufficient for small businesses, taking too long to do basic tasks like downloading a large file.
• It is increasingly recognized as insufficient and inconvenient.

Categories of Broadband Applications

• Kim Maxwell has grouped potential residential broadband applications into three categories:
  • Professional activities (related to users' employment)
  • Entertainment activities (from game playing to movie watching)
  • Consumer activities (all other non-employment and non-entertainment activities)

Technology Options for Broadband Services

• Communication of data with different throughput is feasible by following technologies:
  • Narrowband (2.4 kbps – 128kbps)
  • Broadband (256kbps..512kbps – 8000kbps)
  • LAN (1000kbps – 100Mbps / Giga Ethernet)

Access Technologies for Broadband Services

• Wireline Technologies:
  • Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) on copper loop
  • Optical Fiber Technologies
  • Cable TV Network
  • PLC (Power Line Communication)
• Wireless Technologies:
  • Satellite Media
  • Terrestrial Wireless
  • 3G Mobile
  • Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
  • WiMax
  • LMDS and MMDS
  • FSO (Free Space Optics)

Broadband Network

• Broadband services are reached to customers through three providers: Service Provider, Network Provider, and Access Provider.
• The role of Network Provider is to provide services offered to customers through the access extended by Access Provider.
• Various types of networks are capable of transmitting and managing broadband traffic to desired nodes or locations.

Broadband Technologies Used in Asian Countries

• Broadband technologies have gone through two stages of development in Asian countries.
• In the early stage, sharp technological divisions exist among players due to regulatory constraints.
• Service providers in various countries have used different modes of access, including:
  • ISDN/DSL
  • Cable modems
  • Wireless technologies

xDSL Technology

• xDSL technology uses a greater range of frequencies over the telephone cable, allowing for greater bandwidth.
• xDSL technology has evolved greatly over the past few years and is still in development to achieve even greater bandwidth.

History of Traditional Phone Service

• Traditional phone service connects homes or small businesses to a telephone company office over copper wires.
• Traditional phone service was created to let users exchange voice information with other phone users.
• The type of signal used for this kind of transmission is an analog signal.

Evolution of Broadband Communication

• Dramatic changes in technologies and market demands, combined with government deregulation and fierce competition, have scrambled the conventional communication services.
• Service providers are striving to build new multimedia networks to meet the challenges and competitions.
• The most challenging part of current Internet development is the access network.
• Broadband access networks connect millions of users to the Internet, providing various services, including integrated voice, data, and video.