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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of a communication protocol?
What is the purpose of a communication protocol?
- To define the rules, syntax, and semantics of communication (correct)
- To implement hardware and software
- To transmit information via a physical quantity
- To describe the same for computations
How are communicating systems designed to exchange messages?
How are communicating systems designed to exchange messages?
- Using well-defined formats for exchanging various messages (correct)
- By developing technical standards
- By describing the same for computations
- By implementing hardware and software
What is an alternate formulation that compares protocols to computations?
What is an alternate formulation that compares protocols to computations?
- Protocols are to communication what algorithms are to computation (correct)
- Protocols are to communication what hardware is to software
- Protocols are to communication what programming languages are to computations
- Protocols are to communication what syntax is to semantics
How are multiple protocols that describe different aspects of a single communication known?
How are multiple protocols that describe different aspects of a single communication known?
What kind of values does a binary protocol utilize?
What kind of values does a binary protocol utilize?
What is the advantage of terseness in binary protocols?
What is the advantage of terseness in binary protocols?
What do rules expressing the syntax of communication in a protocol describe?
What do rules expressing the syntax of communication in a protocol describe?
What do addresses carry in the header area of bitstrings used for data exchange?
What do addresses carry in the header area of bitstrings used for data exchange?
What does the payload area of a bitstring carry?
What does the payload area of a bitstring carry?
What are text-based protocols typically optimized for?
What are text-based protocols typically optimized for?
Who were the researchers responsible for the formulation of the Transmission Control Program (TCP)?
Who were the researchers responsible for the formulation of the Transmission Control Program (TCP)?
Which organization focuses on wired and wireless networking standards?
Which organization focuses on wired and wireless networking standards?
What was the first use of the term 'protocol' in a data-commutation context?
What was the first use of the term 'protocol' in a data-commutation context?
Which standard was developed in the late 1970s based on virtual circuits?
Which standard was developed in the late 1970s based on virtual circuits?
What was the starting point for host-to-host communication in 1969?
What was the starting point for host-to-host communication in 1969?
What did computer manufacturers, such as IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation, and Xerox, develop for their systems?
What did computer manufacturers, such as IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation, and Xerox, develop for their systems?
In which decade was the TCP software redesigned as a modular protocol stack?
In which decade was the TCP software redesigned as a modular protocol stack?
What was developed in 1984 and led to a debate over which standard would result in the best computer networks?
What was developed in 1984 and led to a debate over which standard would result in the best computer networks?
What governs the exchange of information between devices through a network or other media and can be expressed by algorithms and data structures?
What governs the exchange of information between devices through a network or other media and can be expressed by algorithms and data structures?
What type of protocols represent content in human-readable format such as ASCII, UTF-8, XML, or JSON?
What type of protocols represent content in human-readable format such as ASCII, UTF-8, XML, or JSON?
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Study Notes
- The IEEE, ISO, and ITU-T are organizations involved in handling different types of communication standards, with IEEE focusing on wired and wireless networking, ISO on other types, and ITU-T on telecommunications protocols.
- The first use of the term "protocol" in a data-commutation context was in a 1967 memorandum entitled "A Protocol for Use in the NPL Data Communications Network."
- The ARPANET, the starting point for host-to-host communication in 1969, used the 1822 protocol for message transmission and Network Control Protocol (NCP) for higher-level communication.
- Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf's research in the early 1970s led to the formulation of the Transmission Control Program (TCP), which was a monolithic design at the time.
- The X.25 standard, based on virtual circuits, was developed in the late 1970s and contributed to the development of communication standards.
- Computer manufacturers, such as IBM, Digital Equipment Corporation, and Xerox, developed proprietary protocols for their systems.
- The TCP software was redesigned as a modular protocol stack in the 1980s, laying the foundation for the growth of TCP/IP as a comprehensive protocol suite.
- The OSI model, a reference model for communication standards, was developed in 1984, leading to a debate over which standard would result in the best and most robust computer networks.
- Communication protocols govern the exchange of information between devices through a network or other media and can be expressed by algorithms and data structures.
- Systems typically use a set of cooperating protocols, known as a protocol suite, which can be arranged based on functionality and which operate at distinct layers.
- Communication protocols can be divided into text-based and binary types, with text-based protocols representing content in human-readable format such as ASCII, UTF-8, XML, or JSON.
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