Communication Models

• Communication involves encoding and decoding verbal and nonverbal cues, along with real-time feedback.
• Communication constructs social realities based on social, relational, and cultural contexts.

Shannon-Weaver Communication Model

• The Shannon-Weaver model communication involves a sender encoding a message that goes through a channel to the receiver, who then decodes it.
• The model is linear and lacks feedback.
• The Shannon-Weaver model was the first communication model, proposed in 1949 for Bell Laboratories.
• Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver are known as the "Mother of Linear Model of Communication"

Communication Square Model

• The Communication Square Model was developed by Friedemann Schulz von Thun.
• The model states every message has four sides: factual content, self-revelation, relationship cue, and appeal.
• These aspects occur simultaneously to prevent misunderstanding and improve communication.

Transactional Model of Communication

• Dean C. Barnlund created the Transactional Model of Communication.
• The Transactional Model is a two-way interactive model where communication occurs simultaneously in both directions.
• Both the sender and receiver are responsible for effective communication.

White's Model of Communication

• White's Model of Communication consists of eight sequences of events starting with stimulation, encoding, transmission, reception, decoding, recognition, interpretation, and response/feedback.
• The purpose of White's Model is to achieve effective communication, share information, influence and persuade, build relationships, and guide decision-making.

Leagan's Model

• Leagan (1961) defines communication as exchanging ideas, facts, feelings, and impressions to gain a clear understanding of the message.
• Leagan's Model shows how successful communication requires a skilled communicator sending a useful message through a proper channel to an appropriate audience.

Wilbur Schramm's Interaction Model

• Schramm (1954) described communication as sharing information where the sender and receiver actively exchange messages and feedback through physical and psychological contexts.
• The elements of communication include the sender, receiver, message, channel, feedback, knowledge field, and physical contexts.
• The purpose of the model is to have active participation in the communication process.

Berlo's SMCR Model

• David Berlo (1960) emphasized components of the communication process.
• SMCR stands for Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver.
• Source is where information originates; the one responsible for transferring information.
• Message is the substance sent to the receiver.
• Channel is the medium used to transmit the message.
• Receiver should be on the same platform as the speaker for smoother communication.
• Context and social and cultural settings are important factors in how messages are sent and received.

De Fleur Model of Communication

• Melvin Lawrence De Fleur created the De Fleur Model of Communication.
• Communication is a two-way, cyclical process, where the sender creates the message and chooses what to communicate.
• The message is composed of information to be conveyed and can be written, spoken, nonverbal, or symbolic.
• The channel is the medium to send the message.
• Feedback is the reaction of the sender to the recipient.

Lasswell's Model of Communication

• Harold Lasswell, a political scientist, believes there are certain questions that communication must answer.
• The model follows a linear pattern.
• Benefits mostly advertising, public relations, marketing and consumer behavior, and mass communication.
• The purpose is to assess the effect and impact of communication.

Aristotle's Communication Model

• Aristotle emphasized the importance of the speaker, message, and audience, with persuasion as the speaker's primary goal.
• The Aristotle model is linear and lacks feedback.

Barnlund's Transactional Model

• Dean Barnlund (1970) presents a layered feedback system where all parties can be senders and receivers simultaneously.
• Layers of feedback contain verbal and non-verbal cues.
• The model depicts shared field experience between sender and receiver and conveys sendings, noise and feedback simultaneously.
• Critics view it as the most systematic communication model, encompassing factors like person, decoding/encoding, public/private cues, and nonverbal cues.
• The model describes a circular process where senders and receivers influence the shared message.

Westley and MacLean Model

• Bruce Westley and Malcolm MacLean suggest the communication process starts with environmental factors.
• The difference between interpersonal communication and mass communication is the feedback, which is indirect and slow for mass communication.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

• Alan Monroe developed the Monroe's Motivated Sequence to persuade an audience by structuring presentations to encourage action.
• The system involves grabbing attention, highlighting a problem, presenting a solution, visualizing benefits, and encouraging action.

Toulmin Method

• Stephen Toulmin developed the Toulmin Model as a framework for logically analyzing and constructing arguments.
• The Toulmin Method breaks arguments down into:
• Claim: the main point/conclusion
• Grounds: the evidence
• Warrant: the underlying assumption
• Qualifier: The degree of certainty
• Rebuttal: The counter argument/ objections
• Backing: Additional support for the warrant