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Questions and Answers
What does denotation refer to in language?
What does denotation refer to in language?
Which guideline is NOT recommended for improving semantics?
Which guideline is NOT recommended for improving semantics?
What is the primary purpose of pragmatics in language?
What is the primary purpose of pragmatics in language?
How can sociolinguistic misunderstandings arise?
How can sociolinguistic misunderstandings arise?
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What is an example of a speech act?
What is an example of a speech act?
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What kind of relationship does semantic meaning have with language?
What kind of relationship does semantic meaning have with language?
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Which guideline is important for effective pragmatics?
Which guideline is important for effective pragmatics?
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Which of the following best describes a direct verbal style?
Which of the following best describes a direct verbal style?
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What does incongruence refer to in the context of self-perception?
What does incongruence refer to in the context of self-perception?
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How does self-fulfilling prophecy affect an individual's behavior?
How does self-fulfilling prophecy affect an individual's behavior?
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What role does filtering messages play in self-perception?
What role does filtering messages play in self-perception?
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Which factor mentioned can negatively affect body image?
Which factor mentioned can negatively affect body image?
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What is self-talk?
What is self-talk?
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How can improving self-perception impact communication?
How can improving self-perception impact communication?
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What does impression formation involve?
What does impression formation involve?
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What does the implicit personality theory suggest?
What does the implicit personality theory suggest?
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What is a primary characteristic of nonverbal communication?
What is a primary characteristic of nonverbal communication?
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Which type of gesture is completely substitutive for a verbal message?
Which type of gesture is completely substitutive for a verbal message?
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What is the term for how individuals position their bodies in relation to others?
What is the term for how individuals position their bodies in relation to others?
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What does proxemics refer to in nonverbal communication?
What does proxemics refer to in nonverbal communication?
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What can vocalized pauses in speech indicate?
What can vocalized pauses in speech indicate?
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Which aspect of paralanguage refers to the highness or lowness of vocal tone?
Which aspect of paralanguage refers to the highness or lowness of vocal tone?
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What guidelines should be followed to improve sociolinguistics?
What guidelines should be followed to improve sociolinguistics?
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What does the term 'adaptors' refer to in kinesics?
What does the term 'adaptors' refer to in kinesics?
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How is 'ritualized touch' characterized?
How is 'ritualized touch' characterized?
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In what way can differing interpretations of time create issues in communication?
In what way can differing interpretations of time create issues in communication?
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What plays a significant role in forming first impressions when meeting new people?
What plays a significant role in forming first impressions when meeting new people?
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Which channel is generally considered the richest in terms of media richness?
Which channel is generally considered the richest in terms of media richness?
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What does it mean for communication to be irreversible?
What does it mean for communication to be irreversible?
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What is the purpose of perception checking in interpreting nonverbal messages?
What is the purpose of perception checking in interpreting nonverbal messages?
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Which of the following best describes 'spontaneous expression' in communication?
Which of the following best describes 'spontaneous expression' in communication?
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Which guideline is NOT recommended when sending nonverbal messages?
Which guideline is NOT recommended when sending nonverbal messages?
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What is meant by communication being 'indexical'?
What is meant by communication being 'indexical'?
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What does listening apprehension refer to?
What does listening apprehension refer to?
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Which type of listener focuses on emotional aspects of conversation?
Which type of listener focuses on emotional aspects of conversation?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ethical communicators?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ethical communicators?
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How do cultural norms affect communication?
How do cultural norms affect communication?
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How should one adapt nonverbal messages according to guidelines?
How should one adapt nonverbal messages according to guidelines?
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What type of listener primarily evaluates facts and evidence?
What type of listener primarily evaluates facts and evidence?
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What distinguishes 'dark side' messages from 'bright side' messages?
What distinguishes 'dark side' messages from 'bright side' messages?
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What is 'control' in the context of communication and relationships?
What is 'control' in the context of communication and relationships?
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Why is communication considered continuous?
Why is communication considered continuous?
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Study Notes
Communication and Ethics
- Ethics is a set of moral principles held by a society, a group, or an individual.
- Every field of study has ethical principles to guide its practice.
- Ethical communicators are honest, act with integrity, behave fairly, demonstrate respect, and are responsible.
- Bright side messages are ethical and appropriate.
- Dark side messages are not ethical and/or appropriate.
- "Hard dark side" messages are somewhat ethical and unethical because they are honest, but also potentially damaging to a relationship.
- "Easy dark side" messages are somewhat ethical and unethical because they are dishonest in order to maintain a good relationship.
- Incongruence is the gap between self-perception and reality.
- Self-fulfilling prophecy is an inaccurate perception of a skill, characteristic, or situation that leads to behaviors that perpetuate that false perception as true.
- Filtering messages occurs when individuals tend to pay attention to messages that reinforce their self-perception and ignore messages that contradict it.
- Media images can distort perception through individuals' interpretation of what they see on television, in movies, and in popular magazines.
Self-Perception and Communication
- Self-perception influences how individuals talk to themselves, how they talk about themselves with others, how they talk about others to themselves, the self they present to others, and their ability to communicate with others.
- Self-talk is the internal conversations individuals have with themselves in their thoughts.
- Social construction of self involves sharing different aspects of one's self-concept based on the situation and people involved.
- Self-monitoring is being aware of how one is coming across to others and adjusting one's behavior accordingly.
- Self-concept and self-esteem are fairly enduring characteristics but can be changed.
- Improving self-perception improves how individuals interact with others, and improving how individuals interact with others improves self-perception.
Perception of Others
- Uncertainty reduction theory explains how individuals monitor their social environment to know more about themselves and others.
- Impression formation is the process used to form perceptions of others.
- Physical appearance is the first thing people notice about other people.
- Implicit personality theory is when individuals form impressions based on assumptions they make about other people's personalities.
Characteristics of Language
- It is difficult to share meaning because people speak different languages and use different dialects and idiolects.
- In any language, the words used to represent things are arbitrary symbols.
- Language is abstract, and new words are constantly being invented and existing words are abandoned or assigned new meanings.
The Relationship between Language and Meaning
- Semantic meaning comes from the words themselves and how they are arranged into sentences.
- Words have two types of meaning:
- Denotation is the explicit meaning found in the dictionary of a language community.
- Connotation is the implicit additional meaning one associates with a word.
- Guidelines for improving semantics include using specific, concrete, and familiar language, using descriptive details and examples, and demonstrating linguistic sensitivity by using inclusive language.
- Words have two types of meaning:
- Pragmatic meaning comes from understanding a message related to its conversational context.
- A speech act is the utterance of a verbal message and what it implies about how the listener should respond.
- Individuals understand pragmatic meaning based on the assumption that both partners want to achieve mutual understanding.
- Guidelines for improving pragmatics include telling the truth, providing the right amount of information, relating what one says to the topic being discussed, acknowledging when one's message violates a guideline, and assuming the best fit.
- Sociolinguistic meaning varies according to the norms of a particular culture or co-culture.
- Sociolinguistic misunderstandings occur when people operate using different norms regarding how words are combined, how and when to say what to whom, and verbal style.
- All cultures use idioms, which are expressions whose meaning is different from the literal meanings associated with the words used in them.
- A direct verbal style openly states the speaker's intention in a straightforward and unambiguous way.
- An indirect verbal style masks the speaker's true intentions in a roundabout and ambiguous way.
- Guidelines for improving sociolinguistics include developing intercultural competence, practicing mindfulness, and respecting and adapting to the sociolinguistic practices of others.
- Sociolinguistic misunderstandings occur when people operate using different norms regarding how words are combined, how and when to say what to whom, and verbal style.
Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication
- Nonverbal communication consists of messages sent in ways that transcend spoken or written words.
- Nonverbal messages are cues individuals send through their body, voice, space, time, and appearance to emphasize, substitute for, or contradict a verbal message.
- Nonverbal communication is inevitable, the primary conveyor of emotions, multi-channeled, and ambiguous.
Types of Nonverbal Communication
- Kinesics refers to what and how body motions communicate.
- Gestures are movements of hands, arms, and fingers that accompany or replace verbal messages.
- Emblems substitute entirely for a word or words.
- Illustrators clarify a verbal message.
- Adaptors are unconscious responses to physical or psychological needs.
- Gestures are movements of hands, arms, and fingers that accompany or replace verbal messages.
- Eye contact (oculesics) refers to how and how much individuals look at others when communicating.
- Facial expression uses facial muscles to convey emotions.
- Posture refers to how individuals position and move their bodies.
- Body orientation refers to how an individual positions his or her body in relation to other people.
- Body movement refers to changing body position.
- Haptics refers to what and how touch communicates.
- Spontaneous touch is automatic and subconscious.
- Ritualized touch is scripted rather than spontaneous.
- Task-related touch is used to perform a certain unemotional function.
- Paralanguage refers to the voiced part of a spoken message that goes beyond the actual words.
- Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of vocal tone.
- Volume refers to the loudness or softness of vocal tone.
- Rate refers to the speed at which a person speaks.
- Voice quality (timbre) refers to the sound of a person's voice that distinguishes it from others.
- Intonation refers to the variety, melody, or inflection in one's voice.
- Vocalized pauses are extraneous sounds or words that interrupt fluent speech.
- Proxemics refers to how space and distance communicate.
- Personal space is the distance individuals try to maintain when they interact with others.
- Territorial space is the physical space over which individuals claim ownership.
- Acoustic space is the area over which one's voice can be comfortably heard.
- Chronemics refers to how individuals interpret the use of time.
- If individuals' approach to time is different from those with whom they are interacting, their behavior could be viewed as inappropriate and put strains on the relationship.
- Physical appearance refers to how individuals look to others.
- Clothing choices, body art, and other personal grooming communicate who individuals are and what they stand for.
- Media richness refers to how much and what kinds of information can be transmitted via a particular channel.
- Face-to-face is generally the richest channel and the standard against which other channels are measured.
- Individuals also observe nonverbal cues and physical context to interpret a speaker's meaning.
- The less information offered via a given channel, the leaner it is; the leaner the channel, the greater the chances for misunderstanding.
- Face-to-face is generally the richest channel and the standard against which other channels are measured.
Guidelines for Improving Nonverbal Communication
- When sending nonverbal messages:
- Consciously monitor nonverbal messages.
- Align nonverbal messages with the purpose.
- Adapt nonverbal messages to the situation.
- Reduce or eliminate distracting nonverbal messages.
- When interpreting nonverbal messages:
- Remember that the same nonverbal message can mean different things to different people.
- Consider each nonverbal message in context.
- Pay attention to the multiple nonverbal messages being sent, and their relationship to the verbal message.
- Use perception checking.
What Is Listening?
- Listening is a complex affective, cognitive, and behavioral process.
- Affective processes motivate one to attend to a message.
- Cognitive processes include understanding and interpreting message meaning.
- Behavioral processes are related to responding with verbal and nonverbal feedback.
Challenges to Effective Listening
- Listening apprehension is the anxiety individuals feel about listening.
- Listening style is an individual's favored and usually unconscious approach to listening.
- Content-oriented listeners focus on and evaluate the facts and evidence.
- People-oriented listeners focus on the feelings their conversational partners may have about what they are saying.
- Action-oriented listeners focus on the ultimate point the speaker is trying to make.
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Description
Test your understanding of the principles of ethics in communication. This quiz covers the distinction between ethical and unethical messages, including bright and dark side messages. Explore concepts like incongruence and self-fulfilling prophecies as part of ethical communication.
