Podcast
Questions and Answers
Communicable diseases can be passed from one person to another directly or indirectly.
Communicable diseases can be passed from one person to another directly or indirectly.
True (A)
Non-communicable diseases are also known as acute diseases.
Non-communicable diseases are also known as acute diseases.
False (B)
Dengue fever is considered a notifiable disease under Malaysian law.
Dengue fever is considered a notifiable disease under Malaysian law.
True (A)
Cholera is caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with Vibrio cholerae.
Cholera is caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with Vibrio cholerae.
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HIV/AIDS is classified as a non-communicable disease.
HIV/AIDS is classified as a non-communicable disease.
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The main types of non-communicable diseases include cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and diabetes.
The main types of non-communicable diseases include cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and diabetes.
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Tuberculosis is not a notifiable disease according to Malaysian health regulations.
Tuberculosis is not a notifiable disease according to Malaysian health regulations.
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Food poisoning is classified as a chronic disease.
Food poisoning is classified as a chronic disease.
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Typhoid fever is caused by a virus known as Salmonella typhi.
Typhoid fever is caused by a virus known as Salmonella typhi.
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Ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone are antibiotics used to treat typhoid fever.
Ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone are antibiotics used to treat typhoid fever.
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Dukoral and Shanchol are two types of oral vaccines for cholera.
Dukoral and Shanchol are two types of oral vaccines for cholera.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis only in people with strong immune systems.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis only in people with strong immune systems.
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The treatment for tuberculosis typically lasts for three months.
The treatment for tuberculosis typically lasts for three months.
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Direct Observation Treatment (DOT) is recommended to improve adherence in tuberculosis treatment.
Direct Observation Treatment (DOT) is recommended to improve adherence in tuberculosis treatment.
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Fresh vegetables and fruits are always safe to eat at hawker stalls.
Fresh vegetables and fruits are always safe to eat at hawker stalls.
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Cholera can spread through contaminated food and water.
Cholera can spread through contaminated food and water.
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The first case of HIV was detected in 1986.
The first case of HIV was detected in 1986.
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AIDS related deaths notified in 2019 were primarily among adults.
AIDS related deaths notified in 2019 were primarily among adults.
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Heterosexual transmission accounts for 40% of new HIV reported cases.
Heterosexual transmission accounts for 40% of new HIV reported cases.
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Leprosy is transmitted primarily through contaminated food.
Leprosy is transmitted primarily through contaminated food.
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Rifampicin is one of the treatments used for leprosy.
Rifampicin is one of the treatments used for leprosy.
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The incubation period for leprosy is approximately 10 years.
The incubation period for leprosy is approximately 10 years.
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The percentage of female HIV cases increased from 9.4% in 2000 to 15% in 2006.
The percentage of female HIV cases increased from 9.4% in 2000 to 15% in 2006.
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The Methadone Maintenance Therapy is part of a harm reduction programme introduced in 2005.
The Methadone Maintenance Therapy is part of a harm reduction programme introduced in 2005.
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Malaria cases have increased significantly from 2000 to 2020.
Malaria cases have increased significantly from 2000 to 2020.
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Wuchereria Bancrofti is the most common type of filariasis reported in Malaysia.
Wuchereria Bancrofti is the most common type of filariasis reported in Malaysia.
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Malaysia has consistently achieved the WHO target elimination rate of less than 1/10000 for leprosy since 1994.
Malaysia has consistently achieved the WHO target elimination rate of less than 1/10000 for leprosy since 1994.
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The main reason for the increased dengue cases in 2020 is public awareness regarding Aedes breeding.
The main reason for the increased dengue cases in 2020 is public awareness regarding Aedes breeding.
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The compliance rate for the third dose of the MMR vaccine was 95.2% in 2005.
The compliance rate for the third dose of the MMR vaccine was 95.2% in 2005.
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Study Notes
Disease Patterns & Health Problems in Malaysia
- The presentation covers disease patterns and health problems in Malaysia
- A presenter, Tuan Mazlelaa Tuan Mahmood, PhD, RPh, from the Faculty of Pharmacy, UKM, delivered this presentation.
Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD)
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Communicable Diseases: Illnesses caused by pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi) or their toxins; spread directly or indirectly between people or from animals to people (zoonotic diseases), often through airborne viruses or bacteria, but also blood or bodily fluids
- Infectious and contagious are terms also used to describe communicable diseases
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Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD): Also known as chronic diseases; not passed from person to person; of long duration and generally slow progression
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Examples of Communicable Diseases: Malaria, Hepatitis, HIV/AIDS
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Examples of Non-Communicable Diseases: Cardiovascular diseases (heart attacks, stroke), Cancers, Chronic respiratory diseases (COPD, asthma), Diabetes
Top 5 Principal Causes of Death in Malaysia (2021)
- Ischemic heart disease
- COVID-19
- Stroke
- Lower respiratory infections
- Kidney disease
Statistics on Causes of Death (2020 & 2021)
- Detailed breakdown of the top 10 causes of death in 2020, includes percentages for each cause
- Shows different causes of death by age group (0-14, 15-40, 41-59, and 60 years & over)
- Includes breakdown of causes of death by major ethic group (Bumiputera, Chinese, and Indian).
Notifiable Diseases
- Diseases legally required to be reported to government authorities
- Regulated under the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 (Act 342)
- 25 diseases are subject to reporting and monitoring
- Collating information helps authorities monitor diseases and identify outbreaks.
- Examples include Dengue fever, Tuberculosis, Food poisoning, Hand, foot and mouth diseases (HFMD), HIV/AIDS, and Covid-19
Communicable Diseases (Food and Water Borne Diseases)
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Cholera: Acute diarrheal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae ingestion; can be fatal if left untreated
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Typhoid: Bacterial disease caused by Salmonella typhi; transmitted through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, and abdominal pain. Treatment options include hydration and antibiotics.
Communicable Diseases (Infectious Diseases)
- Tuberculosis (TB): Infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, typically affecting the lungs; transmitted via droplets; preventable with early diagnosis and multidrug therapy.
- HIV/AIDS: Major public concern; 1st case in 1986; infection rates show a reducing trend; transmission through needle sharing, sexual contact, and vertical transmission; treatment options include antiretroviral therapy.
- Leprosy: Chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae; slow growth; symptoms may take 20 years to emerge; affects skin, peripheral nerves, mucosa, and eyes; curable with the proper treatment regimen, a combination of drugs for 6-12 months.
Communicable Diseases (Vector Borne Disease)
- Malaria: Cases are decreasing; concentrated in Sabah and Sarawak; transmitted by mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium genus; treated with anti-malarial medications like chloroquine
- Dengue: Cases increasing, mainly in Selangor, Johor, Perak, and Kuala Lumpur. Increased cases are connected to a lack of public awareness regarding the methods of disease prevention.
- Filariasis: 172 cases, mainly affecting peninsular Malaysia, with a 78% foreign worker component among cases. Primarily caused by Wuchereria bancrofti.
- Chikungunya: 27 cases in 1999 and 227 in 2006, mostly observed in Perak.
Immunisation Programme
- National Immunisation Programme guidelines
- Childhood Immunisation Coverage in 2022 for BCG, DPT-Hib, Polio, and MMR
Immunisation Compliance (2005)
- BCG compliance: 100%
- Hepatitis B 3rd dose: 93.8%
- DPT 3rd dose: 94.2%
- Oral polio 3rd dose compliance: 95.2%
- MMR Immunisation coverage: 80%
Causes of Death
- About 50% of deaths are not certified in hospital settings, typically due to old age in homes.
- Cancer is a prominent cause related to aging.
- Specific cancers—lung, colorectal, prostate, nasopharynx, and liver for males; and breast, colorectal, ovary, cervix uteri, and corpus uteri for females—are emphasized.
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Description
This quiz examines the differences and characteristics of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Topics include specific diseases like dengue fever, cholera, and tuberculosis, along with their treatments and classifications. Test your knowledge on disease transmission, treatment methods, and health regulations.
