Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a communicable disease primarily caused by?
What is a communicable disease primarily caused by?
Which type of transmission involves touching a surface that contains pathogens?
Which type of transmission involves touching a surface that contains pathogens?
What defines an epidemic?
What defines an epidemic?
What is the primary purpose of a vaccine?
What is the primary purpose of a vaccine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which transmission method involves pathogens being transferred through air particles?
Which transmission method involves pathogens being transferred through air particles?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes a pandemic from an epidemic?
What distinguishes a pandemic from an epidemic?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes endemic diseases?
Which of the following best describes endemic diseases?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mode of transmission is NOT a contact method?
Which mode of transmission is NOT a contact method?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the enzyme protease in the HIV life cycle?
What is the primary function of the enzyme protease in the HIV life cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the gold standard confirmatory test for serological diagnosis of HIV?
What is the gold standard confirmatory test for serological diagnosis of HIV?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following are primarily used as screening tests for HIV?
Which of the following are primarily used as screening tests for HIV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant prevention strategy for HIV transmission from mother to child?
What is a significant prevention strategy for HIV transmission from mother to child?
Signup and view all the answers
Dengue fever is caused by which virus?
Dengue fever is caused by which virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic is true about the Dengue Virus?
Which characteristic is true about the Dengue Virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a method to prevent HIV transmission?
Which of the following is NOT a method to prevent HIV transmission?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of anti-retroviral drugs in HIV treatment?
What is the main purpose of anti-retroviral drugs in HIV treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes someone as having AIDS?
What characterizes someone as having AIDS?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of virus is responsible for causing HIV?
Which type of virus is responsible for causing HIV?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in the HIV life cycle?
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in the HIV life cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
In which part of the body do healthy CD4 cell counts range from 500 to 1,600 cells/ml³?
In which part of the body do healthy CD4 cell counts range from 500 to 1,600 cells/ml³?
Signup and view all the answers
Which HIV type is most commonly found worldwide and in sub-Saharan Africa?
Which HIV type is most commonly found worldwide and in sub-Saharan Africa?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to HIV after it integrates into the host CD4 cell's DNA?
What happens to HIV after it integrates into the host CD4 cell's DNA?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to someone developing AIDS?
Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to someone developing AIDS?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the initial stage of the HIV life cycle when the virus interacts with host cells?
What is the initial stage of the HIV life cycle when the virus interacts with host cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mode of transmission for dengue fever?
What is the primary mode of transmission for dengue fever?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of dengue fever is characterized by severe bleeding and potentially shock?
Which type of dengue fever is characterized by severe bleeding and potentially shock?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the gold standard for molecular diagnosis of dengue?
What is the gold standard for molecular diagnosis of dengue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a causative agent of tuberculosis?
Which of the following is NOT a causative agent of tuberculosis?
Signup and view all the answers
How can tuberculosis be transmitted through the pulmonary route?
How can tuberculosis be transmitted through the pulmonary route?
Signup and view all the answers
Which laboratory test is commonly used for diagnosing tuberculosis?
Which laboratory test is commonly used for diagnosing tuberculosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical incubation period for dengue fever?
What is the typical incubation period for dengue fever?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of therapy is effective for treating severe cases of dengue, such as DHF?
What type of therapy is effective for treating severe cases of dengue, such as DHF?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following are considered first-line anti-TB drugs?
Which of the following are considered first-line anti-TB drugs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the incubation period for malaria on average?
What is the incubation period for malaria on average?
Signup and view all the answers
Which malaria parasite is most prevalent in Africa and responsible for most malaria deaths?
Which malaria parasite is most prevalent in Africa and responsible for most malaria deaths?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main source of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) used in tuberculosis vaccination?
What is the main source of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) used in tuberculosis vaccination?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs during the pre-erythrocytic stage of the malaria life cycle?
What occurs during the pre-erythrocytic stage of the malaria life cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which anti-TB drug is known for its effectiveness over a 9-month treatment course?
Which anti-TB drug is known for its effectiveness over a 9-month treatment course?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of the rupture of mature schizont-infected erythrocytes in malaria?
What is the consequence of the rupture of mature schizont-infected erythrocytes in malaria?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes Multiple-Drug-Resistant tuberculosis (MDR)?
What characterizes Multiple-Drug-Resistant tuberculosis (MDR)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the initial form that merozoites transform into after undergoing blood schizogony within erythrocytes?
What is the initial form that merozoites transform into after undergoing blood schizogony within erythrocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following symptoms is associated with the cold stage of uncomplicated malaria?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with the cold stage of uncomplicated malaria?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common laboratory diagnostic method used for detecting malaria parasites?
What is a common laboratory diagnostic method used for detecting malaria parasites?
Signup and view all the answers
In the treatment of severe malaria, which of the following supportive treatments is typically administered?
In the treatment of severe malaria, which of the following supportive treatments is typically administered?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of Candida is the most commonly associated with candidiasis?
Which type of Candida is the most commonly associated with candidiasis?
Signup and view all the answers
What symptom indicates an overgrowth of Candida in the mouth?
What symptom indicates an overgrowth of Candida in the mouth?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be expected if a patient with malaria isn't treated, particularly regarding parasite count?
What should be expected if a patient with malaria isn't treated, particularly regarding parasite count?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is NOT associated with candidiasis in the mouth?
Which symptom is NOT associated with candidiasis in the mouth?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Communicable Diseases
- Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa).
- They can spread from person to person or from organism to organism.
Modes of Transmission
- Direct contact: Direct physical contact, touching surfaces with pathogens
- Indirect contact: Touching surfaces containing pathogens (e.g., coughing/sneezing)
- Droplet: Via coughing and sneezing
- Airborne: Transmitted through air particles
- Vehicle: Food-borne (from food source), water-borne (from water source)
- Vector-borne: Through insects or animals
Basic Terminology
- Epidemic: Unexpected increase in disease cases in a specific geographical area (temporary).
- Endemic: Disease consistently present in a particular region.
- Pandemic: Disease rapidly spreading globally.
Vaccines
- Vaccines are biological preparations for triggering an immune response to fight against diseases.
- Aim: Stimulating antibody production for natural disease fighting.
- Mechanism of action varies depending on vaccine type.
Types of Vaccines
- Whole pathogen vaccine
- Viral vectored vaccine
- Subunit vaccine
- Nucleic acid vaccine
- Toxoid vaccine
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- Late stage HIV infection with badly damaged immune system.
- Caused by HIV virus (commonly HIV-1).
- Diagnosis involves:
- CD4 cell count below 200 cells/mm³
- Opportunistic infections.
- HIV statistics (end of 2020, WHO):
- 37.6 million people living with HIV infection
- 670,000 deaths
- HIV causative agent: retrovirus.
- Two types:
- Type 1 is more common globally including sub-Saharan Africa
- Type 2 mostly in West Central Africa, parts of Europe, and India.
- Two types:
HIV structure
- Spherical, ~100nm in diameter
- Contains:
- Envelope proteins (gp120, gp41)
- RNA
- Lipid membrane
- Reverse transcriptase
- Matrix protein (p17)
- Capsule protein (p24)
- Nucleocapsid protein (p24)
HIV Transmission
- Common: Unprotected sex with infected partner, sharing needles with infected person
- Minimally common: Transmission from infected mother to fetus, infection from blood products
HIV Life Cycle
- HIV binds to a CD4 receptor on the CD4 cell.
- HIV fuses with the host cell, releasing genetic material.
- Reverse transcriptase converts viral genetic material to DNA.
- DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA.
- Virus stays inactive as provirus.
- The active virus uses host enzymes to produce more genetic material and proteins.
- New virus particles are assembled.
- The new virus pushes out of the host cell and uses part of the host cell membrane for its outer covering, allowing infection of a new cell
- HIV is now complete and ready to infect new cells
HIV Clinical Stages (WHO)
- Stage 1: Asymptomatic
- Stage 2: Mild symptoms; low CD4 levels
- Stage 3: Advanced symptoms; immune system deteriorates
- Stage 4: Severe symptoms; AIDS/ rapid CD4 count decline
HIV Opportunistic Infections
- Kaposi's sarcoma
HIV Diagnostic Methods
- Microplate ELISA: Colored wells indicate HIV reactivity.
- HIV Rapid Test: Qualitative membrane strip; colored line indicates positive result.
-
Laboratory tests:
- ELISA/Rapid assay (screening, high sensitivity/specificity)
- Western Blot (confirmatory, lower sensitivity than ELISA).
- Absolute CD4 lymphocyte count
- HIV viral Load
HIV Treatment and Prevention
- Treatment: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress/slow virus replication
-
Prevention:
- Safe sex practices
- Prevent mother-to-child transmission
- Avoid sharing needles/equipment
- Safe blood transfusions
Dengue Fever
- Mosquito-borne viral infection (tropical/subtropical climates)
- Caused by Dengue Virus (DENV, Flaviviridae).
- Four serotypes (1-4).
- Incubation period: 4-10 days
- Transmitted by mosquitos (Aedes aegypti/albopictus)
- Also a vector for other viral diseases.
Types of Dengue Fever
- Classical dengue fever: High fever, pain, rash, mild bleeding.
- Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF): High fever, severe pain, bleeding, and organ impairment.
- Dengue shock syndrome (DSS): High fever, severe pain, severe bleeding and organ failure.
Dengue Fever Symptoms
- Symptoms varies by type and severity
Dengue Fever Diagnosis
-
Laboratory tests:
- Culture
- Serology (antibody detection, NS1)
- Molecular diagnosis (NAATs/RT-PCR)
Dengue Fever Treatment and Prevention
- Treatment: Supportive care, fluid replacement.
- Prevention: Mosquito control, vector avoidance.
Tuberculosis
- Infectious bacterial disease (M. tuberculosis complex; M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti, M. caprae, M. pinnipedii, M. canettii, and M. mungi).
- Transmission: Airborne droplets (Inhalation), digestive tract. Droplet size matters for transmission
- Symptoms: Fever, chills, cough (sputum, hemoptysis), night sweats, fatigue, weight loss;
- Finger clubbing: May occur.
Tuberculosis Diagnosis
- Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test)
- Nucleic analysis (PCR, hybridization)
- Culture media: Lowenstein-Jensen, Middlebrook 7H10, Ogawa
Tuberculosis Treatment
-
Anti-TB drugs: First/second line drugs
- Isoniazid
- Ethambutol
- Rifampicin
- Pyrazinamide
- Streptomycin (previously, but other less effective drugs)
- MDR-TB: Drug-resistant Tuberculosis
- Regimen time varies by country and severity/ resistance
Tuberculosis Prevention
- BCG Vaccine: Live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis
Malaria
- Infection of red blood cells by Plasmodium parasites.
- Transmission: Infected female Anopheles mosquitoes (bites).
-
Species:
- P. falciparum
- P. vivax
- P. ovale
- P. malariae
- P. knowlesi
- Incubation period: 10-14 days (Average)
Malaria Life Cycle
- Mosquito injects sporozoites.
- Sporozoites infect liver cells.
- Merozoites are released to red blood cells, causing symptoms
- Infected red blood cells rupture, releasing more merozoites.
- Some merozoites develop into gametocytes.
- Gametocytes are ingested by a mosquito, completing the cycle.
Malaria Symptoms
- Symptoms vary significantly ranging from fever and chills to severe complications
- Mild/uncomplicated: fever, cold/shivering, headaches, vomit, seizures, sweating, tiredness
- Severe/complicated: coma, metabolic acidosis, severe anemia, hypoglycemia, acute kidney failure, or pulmonary edema
Malaria Diagnosis
- Blood film: Detection of parasites.
- Rapid diagnostic test (RDT): Quick detection of malaria.
- Serology tests: Antibody detection.
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Detection of parasite DNA.
- Full blood count (FBC): Check blood composition to ensure no irregularities
- Blood Urea Serum Electrolytes (BUSE): Monitoring electrolyte imbalance.
- Inflammation blood marker: C-reactive protein
- Liver function tests: Liver profile
- Glucose
Malaria Treatment
-
Artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs): (first line treatment)
- Artesunate + mefloquine
- Artemether + lumefantrine
- Antipysretics
- Anti-emetics
- Anti-convulsants
- Fluids
- Blood transfusion
- Anti-biotics (for serious infections).
Malaria Prevention
- Insecticide-treated bed nets
- Indoor residual spraying (insecticides)
- Preventive therapies (pregnant women, children, and infants).
Candidiasis
-
Fungal infection caused by Candida (yeast).
-
Common: Candida albicans
-
Other types: Candida glabrata, tropicalis etc
-
Normal flora: Skin, mouth, throat, gut, and vagina.
-
Overgrowth/immunocompromised: Infections trigger
Candidiasis Symptoms
- Mouth: White patches, redness, cotton-like feel, loss of taste, pain with eating
- Vaginal: Whitish frothy discharge, itchiness
- Skin: Redness, inflammation
Candidiasis Diagnosis
- Microscopy
- Culture (Sabouraud dextrose agar)
- Skin or blood analysis
Candidiasis Treatment
-
Drugs:
- Fluconazole
- Itraconazole
- Clotrimazole
- Miconazole
- Nystatin
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on communicable diseases and their transmission. This quiz covers various aspects including definitions of epidemics and pandemics, vaccine purposes, and specific questions related to HIV. Perfect for students studying public health or biology.