Communicable Diseases Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of using a placebo in drug trials?

  • To compare the effects of the real drug (correct)
  • To speed up the drug approval process
  • To assess drug dosage levels
  • To create a new drug formulation
  • In a double-blind trial, the patient knows whether they are receiving the drug or a placebo.

    False (B)

    What is assessed in Stage 2 of drug development?

    Effects on live cells or tissues

    The potential side effects of a drug are referred to as ______.

    <p>toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of drug development with their descriptions:

    <p>Stage 1 = Modeling drugs in computer programs Stage 2 = Testing on live cells or tissues Stage 3 = Testing on live animals Stage 4 = Testing on human volunteers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pathogen is known to replicate inside the host's cells?

    <p>Viruses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hygiene practices, like washing hands, can help prevent the spread of communicable diseases.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of vaccinations?

    <p>To trigger an immune response without causing harm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body's first line of defense against pathogens includes physical barriers like _____ and stomach acid.

    <p>skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of vector control?

    <p>Using insecticides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Phagocytes = White blood cells that engulf pathogens Lymphocytes = Cells that recognize and remember specific pathogens Antibodies = Proteins that bind to pathogens Pathogens = Microorganisms that cause disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi can only be multicellular organisms.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herd immunity?

    <p>When enough individuals are vaccinated to create a barrier against disease spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Communicable Diseases

    • A communicable disease spreads from person to person or animal to human.
    • Four major pathogen types: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists.
    • Bacteria are small cells producing toxins that harm cells. Examples: Salmonella, Gonorrhea.
    • Viruses are non-cellular, using the host's cells for replication. Antibiotics are ineffective. Examples: Measles, HIV.
    • Fungi can be single-celled or multicellular, causing diseases. Example: Rose Black Spot (causes black spots on plant leaves, reducing photosynthesis).
    • Protists are often single-celled eukaryotes. Many are parasites, like the malaria parasite transferred by vectors (e.g., mosquitoes).

    Preventing the Spread of Disease

    • Hygiene: Washing hands prevents disease transmission (e.g., before food prep, after sneezing).
    • Vector control: Limiting insect vectors (e.g., mosquitoes) controls diseases like malaria (e.g., using insecticides, destroying breeding grounds).
    • Isolation: Isolating infected individuals prevents further spread.
    • Vaccination: Vaccination creates herd immunity, protecting unvaccinated individuals, when enough are vaccinated.

    The Body's Defenses Against Disease

    • First Line of Defense: Physical barriers (skin, enzymes, hairs, stomach acid, mucus) prevent pathogen entry.
    • Second Line of Defense: Phagocytes are white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens. Antibodies bind to pathogens, clumping them for easier phagocytosis.
    • Third Line of Defense: Lymphocytes (white blood cells) recognize specific pathogens (antigens). A subsequent exposure triggers a faster antibody-based response.

    Vaccination

    • Vaccination introduces a dead or inactive pathogen, triggering an immune response.
    • This is harmless but stimulates antibody production and memory cell formation.
    • Phagocytes engulf the pathogen, allowing lymphocytes to remember the antigen and store antibodies.
    • If the live pathogen enters the body, the immune system swiftly fights the disease.

    Drug Development

    • Drug development is a multi-stage process for safety and effectiveness assessment.
    • Stage 1: Computer models assess drug potential.
    • Stage 2: Testing on cells or tissues to evaluate effects.
    • Stage 3: Animal studies assess effects on whole organisms.
    • Stage 4: Human clinical trials using placebos and double-blind designs to determine efficacy.
      • Placebo: A harmless, fake drug to compare effects with the real drug.
      • Double-Blind Trial: Neither patient nor researcher knows who received the real or placebo treatment. This minimizes bias.
    • Efficacy: Drug effectiveness in treating the disease.
    • Dosage: The amount of drug necessary for the desired effect.
    • Toxicity: Potential side effects of the drug.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of communicable diseases, including the types of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists. It also discusses prevention methods to reduce the spread of these diseases, emphasizing hygiene practices. Test your knowledge on how these diseases are transmitted and how to safeguard against them.

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