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Questions and Answers
What term describes the ability of a microorganism to cause disease?
What term describes the ability of a microorganism to cause disease?
Which of the following is NOT a mode of natural transmission of immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a mode of natural transmission of immunity?
What is the definition of virulence in terms of pathogens?
What is the definition of virulence in terms of pathogens?
Which stage of disease corresponds to the initial entry of a pathogen?
Which stage of disease corresponds to the initial entry of a pathogen?
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Which characteristic would most likely increase a host's susceptibility to infection?
Which characteristic would most likely increase a host's susceptibility to infection?
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Which of the following is NOT a mode of transmission for infectious agents?
Which of the following is NOT a mode of transmission for infectious agents?
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What is the primary purpose of infection control measures?
What is the primary purpose of infection control measures?
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Which characteristic best describes a susceptible host?
Which characteristic best describes a susceptible host?
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Which of the following is an example of a vector-borne disease?
Which of the following is an example of a vector-borne disease?
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What is a common portal of entry for infectious agents in humans?
What is a common portal of entry for infectious agents in humans?
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Which factor can increase the risk of a host developing an infection?
Which factor can increase the risk of a host developing an infection?
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What type of barrier is skin considered in the immune response?
What type of barrier is skin considered in the immune response?
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What is the significance of prions in infectious diseases?
What is the significance of prions in infectious diseases?
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What are the methods by which infectious agents can leave the reservoir?
What are the methods by which infectious agents can leave the reservoir?
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Which living organism is an example of a vector-borne disease transmitter?
Which living organism is an example of a vector-borne disease transmitter?
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What is a common method of infection control deemed standard for all patient care?
What is a common method of infection control deemed standard for all patient care?
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Which of the following is a portal of entry for infectious agents into a susceptible host?
Which of the following is a portal of entry for infectious agents into a susceptible host?
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Which of the following characteristics can affect an individual's susceptibility to infection?
Which of the following characteristics can affect an individual's susceptibility to infection?
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What does the term 'fomites' refer to in the context of infection transmission?
What does the term 'fomites' refer to in the context of infection transmission?
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Which of the following measures is recommended after exposure to body fluids?
Which of the following measures is recommended after exposure to body fluids?
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Study Notes
Communicable Diseases
- Caused by infectious agents spread person-to-person
- Communicable diseases are easily transmitted through various methods like airborne droplets, direct contact, or vectors.
Types of Communicable Diseases
- Contagious: Easily transmissible, e.g., Ebola virus, HIV, measles, STDs
- Non-communicable: Not easily transmissible, e.g., diabetes, hypertension, liver cirrhosis
Infectious Agents
- Microorganisms capable of causing disease. Examples: bacteria, fungi, parasites.
Stages of Disease
- Incubation: The time between exposure and first symptoms, typically 24-72 hours
- Prodromal/Catarrhal: Generalized signs/symptoms (e.g., fever, headache)
- Acute/Illness: Specific signs/symptoms
- Convalescence/Recovery: Symptoms subside
Body's Defense Mechanisms
- Antigen: substance that triggers an immune response
- Antibody: Y-shaped protein that neutralizes pathogens
- Types of Defense Barriers:
- Anatomical (skin, mucous membranes)
- Physiological (fever, saliva, tears)
- Phagocytic (white blood cells: neutrophils, macrophages)
- Inflammatory response (vascular fluid leak, antibacterial activity)
Modes of Transmission
- Contact: Direct or indirect (e.g., fomites)
- Droplet: Relatively large particles (up to 6 feet)
- Vehicle-borne: in inanimate objects (e.g., water, food)
- Vector-borne: Via living organisms (e.g., mosquitos)
Portals of Entry/Exit
- Ways infectious agents enter/leave the body (e.g., mucous membranes, respiratory system)
- Different bodily openings or passages
Reservoirs
- Environments where pathogens live and multiply, including: people, water, food.
Susceptible Hosts
- Individuals more susceptible to disease due to factors like: immune deficiency, age (young and old), diabetes, burns, or surgeries
Infections Control
- Standard Precautions: Guidelines for preventing infections
Specific Diseases (Examples):
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Rabies:
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Symptoms: Hydrophobia(fear of water), aggression, paralysis
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Transmission: animal bites (especially dogs, bats)
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Diphtheria:
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Symptoms: Sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, bull neck appearance.
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Transmission: airborne droplets, direct contact (kissing)
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Chickenpox (Varicella):
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Symptoms: itchy blisters.
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Measles (Rubeola):
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Symptoms: Fever, cough, runny nose, rash.
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Rubella (German Measles):
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Symptoms: Fever, mild rash.
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Mumps:
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Symptoms: Swollen salivary glands, fever.
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Poliomyelitis
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Symptoms: Muscle weakness, paralysis
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Tetanus:
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Symptoms: Stiff muscles, difficulty swallowing
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Dengue:
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Symptoms: fever, body aches, bleeding from mucus membranes.
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Leprosy:
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Symptoms: skin lesions, nerve damage.
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Malaria:
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Symptoms: fever, chills, fatigue.
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Transmission: vectors (female mosquitos):
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Hepatitis B:
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Symptoms range from none to jaundice and fatigue
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Transmission: body fluids (blood, semen, vaginal secretions)
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of communicable diseases, including their causes, types, and the infectious agents involved. Delving into the stages of disease and the body's defense mechanisms, you’ll enhance your understanding of how these diseases spread and how the immune system responds.
