Communicable Diseases and Infection Control
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method of transmission for communicable diseases?

  • Through the transmission of infectious agents or their products (correct)
  • Through airborne transmission
  • Through skin-to-skin contact
  • Through contaminated food and water

    • What is the main goal of controlling communicable diseases?

  • To eliminate the infectious agent
  • To eliminate the disease globally
  • To eradicate the disease locally
  • To reduce the disease as a public health problem (correct)

    • What does R-naught (R0) measure?

  • The infectiousness of the disease
  • The spreadability of the infectious agent (correct)
  • The severity of the disease
  • The mortality rate of the disease

    • What does an R0 value of less than 1 indicate?

    <p>The disease will not spread and will eventually die out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the total elimination of an infectious agent from nature?

    <p>Eradication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of mastering infection control?

    <p>Understanding how the disease is transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections are caused by an insect vector?

    <p>Vector-borne infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a stop in the circulation of an infectious agent locally?

    <p>Elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)?

    <p>To prevent HIV infection in healthcare workers after exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How soon should Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) be started after exposure?

    <p>Within 72 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) treatment?

    <p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of HIV antibody tests?

    <p>To diagnose HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the antigen produced before HIV antibodies?

    <p>p24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for HIV infection?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bacteria that causes tuberculosis?

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was TB declared a problem in the last decade?

    <p>Due to crowded working conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way HIV is transmitted?

    <p>Through sexual contact, exposure to blood and blood products, childbirth, and via breast milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been the most successful countermeasure to the spread of HIV?

    <p>Prevention strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way to prevent perinatal transmission of HIV?

    <p>Counseling and testing of pregnant women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of adhering to HIV treatment regimen and having a suppressed viral load during pregnancy and childbirth?

    <p>Reduced risk of transmission to the baby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of post-exposure prophylaxis?

    <p>To prevent HIV infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the transmission of HIV from mother to baby during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding?

    <p>Perinatal transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of building health care infrastructure and capacity globally?

    <p>To support HIV prevention and treatment efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for giving antiretroviral prophylaxis to the baby after birth to reduce the risk of transmission?

    <p>Chemoprevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which plasmodia produce clinical symptoms?

    <p>By invading and destroying red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary prevention method for malaria?

    <p>Use of insecticide-impregnated bed nets and curtains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of confirmation of diagnosis in malaria?

    <p>To demonstrate malaria parasites on blood smears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are treatment regimens for malaria region-specific?

    <p>Due to different levels of drug resistance patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of tertiary prevention in malaria?

    <p>To treat malaria with combination therapy to reduce resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current status of malaria vaccine development?

    <p>Attempts to develop a malaria vaccine have been unsuccessful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of TB?

    <p>Through airborne droplets from people with pulmonary or laryngeal TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of TB characterization by a negative skin test, a normal chest X-ray, and no signs or symptoms of the disease?

    <p>Primary TB (Exposure)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a person who has TB in their body but does not have symptoms of the disease?

    <p>Latent TB infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of untreated TB in about half of the patients?

    <p>They will die of the disease within 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a person who has signs and symptoms of an active TB infection?

    <p>TB disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of modern chemotherapy in treating TB?

    <p>It usually leads to a cure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe when a person with latent TB infection becomes active later in life?

    <p>Reactivation TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on TB services in 2021?

    <p>It disrupted TB services, resulting in a diagnostic gap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Communicable Diseases

    • Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by infectious agents or their products that can be transmitted from an infected person, animal, or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host.
    • Infection control requires both individual and community measures.

    R-naught (R0)

    • R0 is the basic reproduction number, which measures the transmissibility of infectious agents.
    • R0 indicates if a disease will spread or decline within a community and how far and how rapidly transmission will occur.
    • R0 values:
      • Less than 1: the disease will not spread and will eventually die out.
      • 1: the disease will remain stable in the community but will not cause an epidemic.
      • Greater than 1: the disease will spread and may cause an epidemic.

    Control of Communicable Diseases

    • Mastering infection control requires a thorough understanding of various infectious diseases.
    • Disrupting the propagation of an infectious disease outbreak often only requires understanding how it is transmitted.

    HIV/AIDS

    • HIV is a retrovirus that infects various cells of the immune system.
    • HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, exposure to blood and blood products, childbirth, and breastfeeding.
    • Prevention strategies:
      • Education, awareness, and health promotion
      • Post-exposure prophylaxis (chemoprevention)
      • Building health care infrastructure and capacity globally
      • Preventing infected mothers from transmitting the disease to their babies during delivery or through breastfeeding
      • Screening blood/transplant organs of donors
      • Safe sex
    • Primary prevention of perinatal transmission:
      • Counseling and testing of pregnant women
      • Adhering to HIV treatment regimen throughout pregnancy and childbirth
      • Giving antiretroviral prophylaxis to the baby after birth
    • Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP):
      • Taking medicine to prevent HIV after exposure (e.g., needle stick injuries)
      • Must be started within 72 hours after exposure and taken daily for 28 days
    • Secondary prevention:
      • HIV testing and strengthening local surveillance
      • Improving early diagnosis and access to care
    • Tertiary prevention:
      • Treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or antiretroviral therapy (ART)

    Tuberculosis (TB)

    • Caused by Mycobacteria (M. tuberculosis in humans and M. bovis in cattle)
    • Spread through airborne droplets from people with pulmonary or laryngeal TB
    • Stages of TB:
      • Primary TB (exposure): when a person has been in contact with someone who has TB
      • Latent TB infection: the disease remains in a quiet (dormant) state, but never resolves completely
      • TB disease: the person has signs and symptoms of an active infection
    • TB interplay of the host and the organism during the initial infection is influenced by multiple factors, including age, immune status, amount of inoculum, nutritional status, and comorbidities
    • Untreated, about half of the patients with active TB will die of the disease within 2 years, but modern chemotherapy almost always results in a cure

    Malaria

    • Primary prevention:
      • Strengthened vector control activities
      • Use of insecticide-impregnated bed nets and curtains, residual house spraying
    • Secondary prevention:
      • Case finding
      • Early diagnosis
      • Prompt malaria diagnosis: rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)
      • Confirmation of diagnosis is by demonstrating malaria parasites on blood smears
    • Tertiary prevention:
      • Treatment with combination therapy to reduce resistance
      • Treatment regimens vary by region, depending on drug resistance patterns and potential drug options

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of communicable diseases, including their causes, transmission, and control measures. Learn about infection control and the importance of individual and community measures.

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