Commonly Used Built-In Functions in Python

Function Calls and Parameters

• A function can be called with arguments, which are values passed to the function.
• Arguments are assigned to parameters, which are variables defined in the function definition.

Return Values

• A function can return a value, which can be used in other parts of the program.
• The return statement is used to specify the value that the function should return.
• If a function does not contain a return statement, it is considered to return None.
• The return statement can also be used in conditional statements to return different values based on conditions.

Math Functions

• math.fsum(iterable) returns the sum of a sequence of floating-point numbers, accurately computed.
• math.isnan(x) returns True if the given number x is not a number (NaN) and False otherwise.
• math.pow(x, y) returns the value of x raised to the power of y.
• math.sqrt(x) returns the square root of the given number x.

Random Numbers

• The random module in Python provides several functions and methods for generating random numbers and performing random operations on sequences.
• random.random() returns a random float in the interval between 0.0 to 1.0.
• random.randrange(start, stop, step) returns a random integer from the range specified by start, stop, and step.
• random.randint(a, b) returns a random integer between a and b inclusive.
• random.choice(sequence) returns a random item from the given sequence.
• random.shuffle(sequence) shuffles the given sequence in place.

Modules

• A module is a file containing definitions and statements.
• Modules can be imported into a program to use their functions and variables.
• Specific functions can be imported from a module using the from ... import ... statement.

Recursion

• Recursion is a technique where a function calls itself as a subroutine.
• A recursive function can be used to calculate the factorial of a number.

Global and Local Variables

• Global variables can be used to store data that needs to be shared across multiple function calls.
• Local variables can be used to temporarily store data that is specific to a particular function call.
• The scope of variables should be considered when writing functions in Python.

Commonly Used Built-in Functions

• min() returns the minimum value in an iterable object (such as a list).
• max() returns the maximum value in an iterable object (such as a list).
• sum() returns the sum of the elements in an iterable object (such as a list).
• round() returns a floating-point number to the specified number of decimal places.

Type Conversion Functions

• int() is used to convert a number or a string representation of a number to an integer.
• float() is used to convert a number or a string representation of a number to a floating-point number.
• str() is used to convert any data type to a string representation.
• bool() is used to convert any data type to a Boolean value (True or False).