Common Stock Chapter 7

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not a characteristic of common stock?

  • has no maturity date
  • considered a permanent form of long-term financing
  • is a residual form of ownership
  • has claims on assets prior to those of preferred stock (correct)

Stockholders' equity includes all of the following except:

  • Treasury stock (correct)
  • Contributed capital in excess of par
  • Retained earnings
  • Common stock at par

The market value of common stock is primarily based on

  • the firm's future earnings (correct)
  • total assets
  • book value
  • retained earnings

Common stockholders have a number of general rights, including all of the following except:

<p>management rights (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The book value of an asset represents

<p>the historic acquisition cost of the asset (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a reverse stock split

<p>the number of shares are decreased (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an advantage of common stock financing?

<p>involves relatively high flotation costs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A change in the market price of an asset will occur as a result of changes in:

<p>investors' required rates of return and their expected returns from the asset (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the constant-growth dividend valuation model, the required rate of return must be ______ the dividend growth rate in order for the formula price to be meaningful.

<p>greater than (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the constant-growth dividend valuation model, the required rate of return on a common stock can be shown to be equal to the sum of the dividend yield plus:

<p>Price appreciation yield (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The valuation of common stock is considerably more complicated than the valuation of bonds or preferred stocks because:

<p>The returns can be in annual cash payments or price appreciation, and they are normally expected to grow and not remain constant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the valuation of common stock, the simple annuity and perpetuity formulas used in the valuation of bonds and preferred stock are not generally applicable because:

<p>Common stock dividends are normally expected to grow over time, rather than being constant as are payments on most bonds and most preferred stock. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the assumptions of the constant growth dividend valuation model is that

<p>the required rate of return is greater than the dividend growth rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most important factor to be considered in the valuation of a closely held firm is

<p>earnings capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stockholders' equity equals

<p>both preferred stock and common equity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A common stock's book value is calculated

<p>on the basis of balance sheet figures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From an accounting standpoint, stock dividends involve a transfer from the

<p>retained earnings account (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is not a reason a firm may decide to repurchase its own stock?

<p>disposition of excess warrants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The returns investors receive from holding common stocks may be in two forms. They are

<p>cash dividend payments and capital gains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The constant growth dividend valuation model does not hold when

<p>g is greater than ke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the general level of interest rates in the economy moves up, then investors will require a ______ rate of return on securities, and, in general, stock prices should ______, ceteris paribus.

<p>higher, decline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If competition in an industry increases, the future growth potential should

<p>decrease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The zero growth dividend valuation model is used when a firm's future dividends are expected to remain constant, ______

<p>forever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When evaluating a firm based on price/earnings multiples, the evaluator must determine the price/earnings multiple for

<p>firms in the same industry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A firm that wishes to raise additional equity capital by selling a portion of the existing owners' stock while maintaining control of the firm should consider a ______.

<p>separate class of nonvoting stock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A firm may use a stock repurchase ______

<p>as part of a financial restructuring and to dispose of excess cash (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the constant growth dividend valuation model, the required rate of return on a common stock is equal to the sum of the ______

<p>capital gains yield and dividend yield (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the constant growth dividend valuation model, it is assumed that the ______

<p>firm's future dividend payments are expected to grow at a constant rate forever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An arrangement whereby an investment banker agrees to purchase an entire new issue of securities is called ______

<p>underwriting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The difference between the selling price to the public of a new issue and the net the issuing firm actually receives is known as the ______

<p>underwriting spread (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are advantages of private security placements (over a public offering) except ______

<p>lower interest rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A firm may sell its common stock directly to its existing stockholders through a ______

<p>rights offering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Direct issuance costs are ______

<p>all of these are correct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In marketing a new security issue, the investment banker assumes the risk of not being able to sell the security at a favorable price in each of the following cases except:

<p>a best efforts offering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An investment banker is generally thought to be qualified to advise a corporation on a variety of matters, including all the following except:

<p>the firm's new product marketing decisions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to direct costs, there are other costs associated with new security offerings. These other costs include all of the following except:

<p>the cost of overpricing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are reasons why large multinational corporations may sell equity in international markets rather than selling stock only in the country in which they are domiciled?

<p>Global equity offerings result in higher price per share. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The P/E ratio indicates

<p>how much investors are willing to pay for $1 of current earnings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Common stock dividends normally are paid

<p>quarterly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In stock quotations, the last column, showing the net change, indicates the net change in

<p>the closing price from the previous day's close (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Many preferred stocks are treated as____in determining their values.

<p>Convertible securities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a stock is split 2 for 1, then the____ figure on the firm's balance sheet is cut in half.

<p>par value (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rights of stockholders to share equally on a per share basis in any distributions of corporate earnings is known as ____.

<p>dividend rights (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

____ result in what is known as treasury stock.

<p>Stock repurchases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Listed below are some of the responsibilities of investment bankers. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

<p>They directly influence the objectives and direction of the company. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The zero growth method is used to value

<p>preferred stock (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The book value per share of common stock is calculated by dividing by the number of shares outstanding

<p>total common stockholders' equity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are ways that securities are offered to the public in a public offering EXCEPT:

<p>Securities are sold through excess-market pricing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a liquidation of a firm due to bankruptcy, which of the following usually gets paid last?

<p>common stockholders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The returns from most common stocks are

<p>positively correlated with each other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Common stockholders’ claim on assets is considered after which of the following:

<p>Preferred Stockholders (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In valuing a company that sells products and services,____ is the most important factor in the valuation of closely held firms.

<p>profit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Of the following common stock rights, which allows common stockholders to buy more shares of common stock in order to retain their pro-rata share of ownership in the company?

<p>preemptive rights (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stock splits are:

<p>a sign that the company wants to get its stock price to a more desirable trading level. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are reasons that companies hold treasury stock EXCEPT:

<p>to comply with SEC regulations that a certain amount of company shares must be kept by the company. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Common Stock

A form of ownership in a corporation that gives holders the right to vote on company matters and receive dividends.

Book Value Per Share

The value of a share of common stock determined by dividing the total common stockholders' equity by the number of shares outstanding.

Market Value Per Share

The price at which a share of common stock is currently trading in the market.

Required Rate of Return (RRR)

The rate of return that investors expect to earn on a security.

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Constant Growth Dividend Valuation Model

A model used to value common stock when dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate.

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Dividend Yield

The return an investor receives from a stock investment in the form of dividend payments.

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Capital Gains Yield

The return an investor receives from a stock investment in the form of price appreciation.

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Zero Growth Dividend Valuation Model

A model used to value common stock when dividends are expected to remain constant.

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Price-Earnings (P/E) Ratio

The ratio of a company's stock price to its earnings per share.

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Shelf Registration

A procedure that allows a firm to file a master registration statement with the SEC and then sell offerings of common stock in small increments.

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Underwriting Spread

The difference between the selling price to the public of a new issue and the net the issuing firm actually receives.

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Underwriting

An arrangement whereby an investment banker agrees to purchase an entire new issue of securities and assumes the risk of not being able to sell them.

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Purchasing Syndicate

A group of investment bankers that collectively underwrite a new security to spread the risk.

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Negotiated Underwriting

A method of security issuance where the issuing firm agrees to sell its securities to an investment banker at a negotiated price.

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Competitive Bidding

A method of security issuance where the issuing firm sells its securities to the highest bidder among competing investment banks.

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Best Efforts Offering

A type of security issuance where the investment banker agrees to market securities to the public but doesn't guarantee its sale and only receives a commission on the securities it sells.

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Rights Offering

A method of selling new stock directly to existing stockholders.

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Stock Split

A corporate action that increases the number of outstanding common shares but reduces the par value per share.

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Stock Dividend

The distribution of additional shares of stock to existing stockholders.

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Treasury Stock

Shares of stock that are repurchased by the issuing company.

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Cumulative Voting

A form of voting for the election of directors where shareholders can allocate all their votes to a single candidate or distribute them among multiple candidates.

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Majority Voting

A type of voting where each shareholder has one vote per share for each director up for election.

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Nonvoting Stock

A type of stock that has voting rights but does not have the right to receive dividends.

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Class B Stock

A type of stock that gives holders voting rights but no dividend rights.

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Valuation

The process of calculating the value of a company.

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Valuation of Closely Held Firms

The process of determining the value of closely held corporations based on the company's earning capacity.

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Earnings Capacity

The potential of a company to generate earnings in the future.

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Board of Directors

A group of individuals who are responsible for overseeing the management of a corporation.

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Investment Risk

The risk that investors face when investing in a security.

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Business Risk

The risk associated with a company's ability to generate profits.

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Market Risk

The risk associated with the overall economy.

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Financial Risk

The risk associated with a company's ability to meet its financial obligations.

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Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)

A model used to determine the required rate of return for a security based on the risk-free rate of return, beta, and the market risk premium.

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Study Notes

Common Stock Characteristics, Valuation, and Issuance

  • Common stock has no maturity date
  • It's considered permanent long-term financing
  • Stockholders' equity includes common stock at par, contributed capital in excess of par, and retained earnings, but not treasury stock.
  • Book value per share is calculated by dividing total common stockholder's equity by number of shares outstanding.
  • Market value is primarily based on the firm's future earnings.
  • Common stockholders have voting rights, asset rights, and dividend rights, but not management rights.
  • Reverse stock splits decrease the number of shares.
  • In a reverse stock split, the market value does not decrease, and par value does not decrease.
  • A disadvantage of common stock financing is high flotation costs.

Valuation of Common Stock

  • The valuation of common stock is more complex than that of bonds or preferred stock.
  • Common stock returns can take two forms: annual cash payments and price appreciation.
  • These returns are generally expected to grow, not remain constant.
  • Many preferred stocks are treated as perpetuities in determining their values.
  • Investors buy common stock for different reasons than they buy bonds or preferred stock.
  • Constant growth dividend valuation models require the required rate of return to be greater than the dividend growth rate.
  • In the constant growth dividend valuation model, the required rate of return is equal to the sum of the dividend yield and the price appreciation yield.

Repurchasing Stock

  • Repurchasing stock can be used as a future corporate need.
  • Repurchasing stock can be used as a financial restructuring strategy.

Additional Information

  • An arrangement where an investment banker agrees to purchase an entire new issue of securities is called underwriting.
  • The difference between selling price to the public vs the net price for the company is called the underwriting spread.
  • A group of underwriters who share responsibility for selling a security issue is called a purchasing syndicate.
  • Private security placements have reduced flotation costs, and greater flexibility, and save time when compared to public offerings.
  • Investing firms assume risk for best efforts offerings.
  • Direct costs of issuing securities include the cost of incentives and possible decline in stock price.
  • A procedure that allows a company to file a registrar statement with the SEC and later sell stock increments is a shelf registration.
  • The general level of interest rates moving up will cause investors to require a higher rate of return, which will result in a decline in stock prices.
  • If competition in an industry increases, future growth prospects will decrease.
  • The zero growth dividend valuation model assumes that firm's future dividends will remain constant leading to a constant firm value.

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