Common Ocular Diseases: Eye Removal Causes
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Questions and Answers

What is one way to examine the interior structures of the eye?

  • Using radiation therapy
  • Using a slit-lamp (correct)
  • Using a binocular indirect ophthalmoscope (BIO)
  • Using an eye ultrasound

    • What is a common sign of a tumor inside the eye?

  • Changes in growth and color of freckles
  • A set number of treatments over a period of time
  • Freckles and growths inside the eye
  • Enlarged blood vessels on the outside of the eye (correct)

    • What is the treatment plan for eye cancer designed to do?

  • Spread the cancer throughout the body
  • Prevent future infections
  • Decrease the risk of spreading (correct)
  • Increase the risk of spreading

    • What is a common treatment for eye cancer?

    <p>Surgery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is used to produce images of the inside of the eye?

    <p>B Scan / Eye Ultrasound (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of noncancerous eye tumor?

    <p>Choroidal hemangioma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of a malignant eye tumor?

    <p>Flashes of light (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action if a patient presents with a spot near their eye that is growing larger or changing shape?

    <p>Refer to an ophthalmologist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment method is used for benign lesions outside of the eye?

    <p>Surgical removal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of retinoblastoma?

    <p>Genetic mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'TNM T1a, IIRC A' classification for retinoblastoma?

    <p>It indicates a small tumor that can be treated by laser or cryotherapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications reduces intraocular pressure by blocking the production of aqueous humor?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a test used to diagnose eye cancer?

    <p>X-ray (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between choroidal nevi and choroidal hemangioma?

    <p>Choroidal nevi are cancerous, while choroidal hemangioma are not (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of laser therapy for glaucoma?

    <p>To remove excess fluid from the eye (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of primary open angle glaucoma?

    <p>The drainage canals become clogged slowly, leading to increased eye pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a combination medication used in the management of open-angle glaucoma?

    <p>Brimonidine/Timolol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) used for?

    <p>To create pictures of the inside of the eye. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of anophthalmos?

    <p>Complete absence of the eye and ocular tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma?

    <p>Positive family history (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequent cause of anophthalmos?

    <p>Unknown/Sporadic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medication is often used in conjunction with beta-blockers to manage glaucoma?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is angle-closure glaucoma?

    <p>A condition where the angle between the iris and cornea is closed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common complication associated with anophthalmos?

    <p>Short eyelids and reduced palpebral fissure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'circumferential closure' refer to in the context of angle-closure glaucoma?

    <p>The closure occurs in all quadrants of the eye. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'lifelong condition' as it applies to primary open angle glaucoma?

    <p>The condition requires ongoing management and monitoring. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of medical therapy for open-angle glaucoma?

    <p>To prevent further damage to the optic nerve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of primary open angle glaucoma?

    <p>The blockage of the drainage canals in the eye. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Seidel test used to assess?

    <p>The presence of aqueous humor leakage from the anterior chamber of the eye (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the statement that 'symptoms and damage are not noticed' when describing primary open angle glaucoma?

    <p>The condition can progress without noticeable symptoms, leading to vision loss. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using protective eyewear?

    <p>To protect the eyes from injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive result in the Seidel test indicate?

    <p>The presence of a corneal perforation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why wearing protective eyewear is often overlooked?

    <p>People don't realize the importance of eye protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important factor in preventing eye injuries?

    <p>Using protective eyewear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the procedure called to remove an eye?

    <p>Enucleation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the procedure called to remove the contents of an eye?

    <p>Evisceration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in ensuring good results following eye removal surgery?

    <p>The skill of the surgeon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential indication for enucleation?

    <p>Large orbital tumors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'sclera' refer to?

    <p>The white part of the eye (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of lacking eyelid support after enucleation?

    <p>Reduced vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a scleral cover ocular prosthesis?

    <p>To restore the shape and volume of the eye (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of surgery is the entire eyeball removed, preserving the orbital structures?

    <p>Enucleation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an indication for enucleation?

    <p>Cataracts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of an orbital prosthesis?

    <p>To restore the eye's shape and volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for surgery that involves the removal of the entire eye and surrounding tissues?

    <p>Exenteration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Eye Exam

    An examination to detect signs of eye issues, like enlarged blood vessels.

    Enlarged Blood Vessels

    Visible blood vessels which can indicate a tumor inside the eye.

    Malignant Lesions

    Tumors in the eye that are harmful and may indicate cancer.

    Eye Redness

    A symptom that may indicate various eye conditions, including benign or malignant tumors.

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    Radiation Therapy

    Treatment using radiation to destroy cancer cells in the eye.

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    Benign Eye Tumors

    Noncancerous growths in the eye, such as choroidal nevi and hemangiomas.

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    Choroidal Nevi

    Pigmented lesions found inside the eye, a type of benign tumor.

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    B Scan / Eye Ultrasound

    An imaging test that creates pictures of the inside of the eye.

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    Retinoblastoma

    A malignant eye tumor originating from genetic mutations in retinal nerve cells.

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    Malignant Eye Tumors

    Cancerous tumors in the eye, such as melanoma, often requiring urgent treatment.

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    Symptoms of Eye Tumors

    Common signs include flashes of light, vision distortion, and loss of vision.

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    Treatment of Benign Tumors

    Surgical removal via chemicals or cauterization for noncancerous tumors.

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    Diagnosis of Eye Tumors

    Involves tests to differentiate between benign and malignant growths.

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    Seidel test

    A test to assess aqueous humor leakage from the eye's anterior chamber.

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    Corneal perforation

    A condition where the cornea has a hole or tear allowing leakage of fluid.

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    Protective eyewear

    Glasses or goggles designed to prevent eye injuries during activities.

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    Enucleation

    Surgical removal of the eyeball, often due to disease or trauma.

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    Evisceration

    Removal of the contents of the eye while leaving the outer shell intact.

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    Symptoms of eye injury

    Common reports include pain, redness, and blurred vision after an accident.

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    Aesthetic results in prosthetics

    The visual appeal of artificial eyes matching the natural one.

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    Prevention of eye injuries

    Strategies like using protective eyewear to reduce the risk of injuries.

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    Retinal detachment reattachment

    Surgical procedure to fix the retina to the choroid after detachment.

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    Primary open-angle glaucoma therapy

    Medical treatment focused on lowering intraocular pressure.

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    Anophthalmos

    Congenital absence of one or both eyes.

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    Beta-adrenergic blockers

    Medications used to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma.

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    Prostaglandin analogs

    A class of medications that decrease intraocular pressure.

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    Laser therapy in eye treatment

    Uses laser for primary or adjunctive treatment of eye conditions.

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    Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

    Drugs that help lower eye pressure by reducing fluid production.

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    Hyperosmotic agents

    Used to reduce intraocular pressure by drawing fluid out of the eye.

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    Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

    A common type of glaucoma caused by slow clogging of drainage canals, leading to increased eye pressure.

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    Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

    An imaging test that creates pictures of the inside of the eye, particularly useful in diagnosing glaucoma.

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    Risk Factors for Glaucoma

    Factors that increase the likelihood of developing glaucoma, including age, family history, and high myopia.

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    Elevated Intraocular Pressure

    Increased pressure inside the eye that can lead to optic nerve damage and potentially glaucoma.

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    Symptoms of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

    Symptoms develop slowly and often go unnoticed until significant damage occurs.

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    Secondary Glaucoma

    Glaucoma caused by other medical conditions or injuries, rather than the primary open angle type.

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    Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma

    A less common form of glaucoma that occurs when the drainage angle becomes blocked, leading to sudden increases in eye pressure.

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    Fundus Autofluorescence Imaging

    A technique that reveals properties of the retina and can be used to monitor conditions such as glaucoma.

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    Exenteration

    Removal of the eyeball along with surrounding tissues in the orbit.

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    Scleral cover ocular prosthesis

    A prosthetic fitting over an existing eye to improve cosmetic appearance.

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    Orbital prosthesis

    A device used to restore the natural appearance of the eye socket.

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    Indications for surgery

    Conditions necessitating the removal of an eye including tumors and pain.

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    Endophthalmitis

    An intraocular infection that is unresponsive to antibiotics.

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    Phthisis bulbi

    A shrunken, non-functional eyeball due to degeneration.

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    Study Notes

    Common Ocular Diseases Causing Eye Removal

    • Eye tumors: These can be malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous). Metastatic tumors spread from other parts of the body, often the lung, breast, bowel, or prostate. Ocular melanoma (uveal or choroidal melanoma) is the most common primary adult tumor, forming in the pigmented cells of the eye's uvea (iris, ciliary body, choroid).
    • Choroidal melanoma: A cancer developing in the choroid, a membrane behind the retina. It often enlarges, detaching the retina and causing vision loss. It's a common primary intraocular malignant tumor and second most common site for body-wide melanoma.
    • Retinoblastoma: A childhood eye cancer originating in the retina. Symptoms include a white pupil (leukocoria) and eyes looking in different directions.
    • End-stage glaucoma: A condition characterized by optic nerve cupping and visual field damage. It's the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Increased intraocular pressure is a key driver.
    • Phthisis bulbi: A degenerative disease of the eye. It's marked by scarring, inflammation, and globe disorganization, often leading to a collapsed eyeball shape. This is considered the terminal stage of eye disease.
    • Anophthalmos: Congenital absence of one or both eyeballs. The condition is often genetic or due to maternal infections during pregnancy. Small orbits and missing ocular tissue are common characteristics.
    • Microphthalmos: Developmental disorder causing one or both eyes to be abnormally small with deformities. Factors such as fetal alcohol syndrome, infections, or chromosomal issues can contribute to this.
    • Corneal perforation: A penetration damage to the cornea frequently related to trauma or infection. Symptoms include vision loss, pain, and potentially discoloration.

    Eye Tumor Treatment

    • Benign lesions: Often surgically removed using chemicals or cauterization. Small, stable growths may be monitored instead.
    • Malignant lesions: Treatment aims at reducing spread, maintaining vision/overall health. This may include surgery or radiation therapy. Laser therapy is an alternative with fewer side effects. Sometimes eye removal is the only option.

    Glaucoma Treatment

    • Topical drugs: Lower intraocular pressure (IOP) using medications like beta-blockers, prostaglandin analogs, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
    • Laser therapy: Uses laser beams to treat glaucoma and lower IOP.
    • Surgical intervention: Used in advanced cases to improve fluid drainage and reduce IOP.

    Eye Trauma Treatment

    • Minor cases: Applying cold compresses to affected areas helps reduce swelling. Seek medical attention; even seemingly minor injuries require evaluation
    • Major cases: Medical attention is imperative, and may lead to eye removal.

    Eye Removal Procedures

    • Enucleation: Entire eyeball removal (preserving other orbital structures). It's used if the eye is painful or has malignant tumors.
    • Evisceration: Removal of the eye's contents, with the sclera retained and functioning as support. Often used for non-tumorous eye issues or conditions relating to infection.
    • Exenteration: Removal of the entire eye structure, including the eyeball, adjacent tissues, and sometimes parts of the orbit. Performed for major tumors/extensive eye damage, preserving a shell to facilitate placement of a prosthetic eye.

    Ophthalmic Imaging and Diagnostic Procedures

    • Optical coherence tomography (OCT): Creates 3D images of the eye's interior. Utilized for diagnoses of eye-related illnesses.
    • Fine needle biopsy: Tissue sampling for microscopic analysis, to aid diagnosis.
    • B-scan/ultrasound: Produce images of the eye's internal structures, useful for detecting tumors.
    • Slit-lamp biomicroscopy: Provides a magnified view of the anterior eye segment for inspection of features, helping in diagnosing corneal issues.

    Prosthetic Eyes and Implants

    • Ocular prosthesis: Artificial eye that replaces a lost natural eye following enucleation, evisceration, or orbital exenteration. It can restore symmetry and appearance.
    • Orbital implant: A permanent solid implant placed in the orbit, helps to recreate volume and support tissues, and aids in adjusting for volume loss and potentially restoring contour and shape.

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    Description

    This quiz delves into common ocular diseases that can lead to eye removal. You'll explore conditions such as eye tumors, choroidal melanoma, retinoblastoma, and end-stage glaucoma. Test your knowledge on the symptoms and implications of these serious conditions.

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