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Questions and Answers
Who has the higher melting point?
Who has the higher melting point?
- They both have the same melting point
- Saturated Fatty Acids (correct)
- Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- More information is needed to determine this
Which mammal may require arachidonic acid as an essential fatty acid?
Which mammal may require arachidonic acid as an essential fatty acid?
- Birds
- Cows
- Cats (correct)
- Dogs
Why are saturated fatty acids more water insoluble than unsaturated fatty acids?
Why are saturated fatty acids more water insoluble than unsaturated fatty acids?
- Double bonds in the chain
- Presence of hydroxyl group
- Higher melting point
- Saturated in hydrogen bonds (correct)
What does the number 18 represent in the fatty acid molecule's structure for this example- 18:2(9,12)?
What does the number 18 represent in the fatty acid molecule's structure for this example- 18:2(9,12)?
Which carbon is referred to as the 'carbonyl carbon' in a fatty acid chain?
Which carbon is referred to as the 'carbonyl carbon' in a fatty acid chain?
Which type of fatty acid is essential for growth and development?
Which type of fatty acid is essential for growth and development?
What causes kinks within unsaturated fatty acids?
What causes kinks within unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the primary function of nonmembrane phospholipids mentioned in the text?
What is the primary function of nonmembrane phospholipids mentioned in the text?
Which lipid compound is composed of a polar phosphate head group and 2 non-polar fatty acid tails?
Which lipid compound is composed of a polar phosphate head group and 2 non-polar fatty acid tails?
What is the precursor for arachidonic acid in eicosanoid synthesis?
What is the precursor for arachidonic acid in eicosanoid synthesis?
In phospholipid structure, what does the head group do that impacts its polarity?
In phospholipid structure, what does the head group do that impacts its polarity?
Which type of lipid serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin hormone?
Which type of lipid serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin hormone?
During a period of fasting, what is released from adipocytes and utilized as an energy source for tissue cells?
During a period of fasting, what is released from adipocytes and utilized as an energy source for tissue cells?
Which lipid category includes neutral fats such as waxes and ceramides?
Which lipid category includes neutral fats such as waxes and ceramides?
What part of the phospholipid faces the external aqueous environment in membranes?
What part of the phospholipid faces the external aqueous environment in membranes?
Which lipid is commonly utilized in the liver and muscles for energy production through beta oxidation?
Which lipid is commonly utilized in the liver and muscles for energy production through beta oxidation?
What is the main function of plasma albumin for fatty acids during circulation?
What is the main function of plasma albumin for fatty acids during circulation?
Which type of lipid serves as the building block for other lipids?
Which type of lipid serves as the building block for other lipids?
Which blood group is equivalent to the B-Antigen?
Which blood group is equivalent to the B-Antigen?
In which form are fatty acids stored for energy in white adipose tissue?
In which form are fatty acids stored for energy in white adipose tissue?
What is the main immediate precursor for eicosanoids?
What is the main immediate precursor for eicosanoids?
What is the correct structure of a sphingolipid?
What is the correct structure of a sphingolipid?
What defines blood group AB in terms of terminal sugars?
What defines blood group AB in terms of terminal sugars?
What carbon is also referred to as the beta carbon?
What carbon is also referred to as the beta carbon?
Which type of eicosanoid is responsible for the pain and fever response?
Which type of eicosanoid is responsible for the pain and fever response?
Are eicosanoids stored in the body?
Are eicosanoids stored in the body?
Which is the correct structure of a phospholipid?
Which is the correct structure of a phospholipid?
What is an example of a complex lipid?
What is an example of a complex lipid?
What is the main function of glycolipids?
What is the main function of glycolipids?
Where are glycosphingolipids found in high concentrations?
Where are glycosphingolipids found in high concentrations?
Which is a major component in lung surfactants?
Which is a major component in lung surfactants?
What carbon is referred to as the gamma carbon?
What carbon is referred to as the gamma carbon?
In which tissues do eicosanoids act locally?
In which tissues do eicosanoids act locally?
Which terminal sugar group is lacking in blood group O?
Which terminal sugar group is lacking in blood group O?
What is involved in the activation of inflammatory cells, platelet aggregation (for blood clotting), and is involved in hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions?
What is involved in the activation of inflammatory cells, platelet aggregation (for blood clotting), and is involved in hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions?
How are glycosphingolipids and phospholipids different?
How are glycosphingolipids and phospholipids different?
What type of bond attaches the carbohydrate group to ceremide in glycosphingolipids?
What type of bond attaches the carbohydrate group to ceremide in glycosphingolipids?
What is the role of Glycosphingolipids in cellular interactions?
What is the role of Glycosphingolipids in cellular interactions?
What carbon is referred to as the omega carbon?
What carbon is referred to as the omega carbon?
Which is the easiest to digest?
Which is the easiest to digest?
Which of the following is derived from serene and palmitate?
Which of the following is derived from serene and palmitate?
What is a component found within the inner mitochondrial membrane and is used for blood clotting?
What is a component found within the inner mitochondrial membrane and is used for blood clotting?
What is an example of a lipid derivative?
What is an example of a lipid derivative?
What is most commonly found in the brain?
What is most commonly found in the brain?
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Study Notes
Fatty Acids
- At physiological pH, fatty acids have an ionized hydroxyl group (COO^-), making them hydrophilic and amphipathic.
- Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) are mostly hydrophobic, making them water-insoluble.
- Over 90% of fatty acids in blood plasma are in an esterified form, contained in lipoprotein particles.
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds and have a higher melting point than unsaturated fatty acids.
- Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds, with cis double bonds causing kinks in the fatty acid chain.
- Two or more double bonds are spaced at 3-carbon intervals.
Fatty Acid Nomenclature
- Carbon atoms are numbered starting from the carbonyl carbon (carbon 1).
- The format "#:#(#)" represents the number of carbons, double bonds, and positions of double bonds.
- Example: 18:2(9,12) indicates 18 carbons, 2 double bonds, and double bonds at carbons 9 and 12.
Glycolipids and Glycosphingolipids
- Glycolipids consist of carbohydrate and lipid components, maintaining cellular membrane stability and aiding cellular recognition.
- Glycosphingolipids are a subgroup of glycolipids, composed of a carbohydrate group and a ceramide derivative attached to an amino alcohol sphingosine.
- Glycosphingolipids do not contain a phosphate group; instead, a mono- or oligosaccharide provides the polar head group function.
- Glycosphingolipids are found in high concentrations in nerve tissue, interacting with the extracellular environment and involved in cellular recognition.
Blood Group Antigens
- Each blood type molecule has a glycosphingolipid attached to a specific sugar chain.
- Blood types differ based on the terminal sugar group, with O lacking GalNAc and Gal, A having GalNAc, B having Gal, and AB having both Gal and GalNAc.
Eicosanoids
- Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- They are potent and have a wide range of effects, including physiologic (inflammatory response) and pathologic (hypersensitivity).
- Eicosanoids are produced in small amounts, act locally, and are classified as local hormones with short half-lives.
Arachidonic Acid
- Arachidonic acid is the main precursor for eicosanoids and is part of membrane phospholipids.
- It is not an essential fatty acid but can be limited, making it essential for some mammals (e.g., cats).
Types of Eicosanoids
- Prostaglandin (PG) is responsible for pain and fever response, impacting reproductive and GI tract, bronchopulmonary tone, and vascular smooth muscle tone.
- Thromboxane (TX) and leukotrienes (LT) are other examples of eicosanoids.
Lipid Classification
- Simple lipids: saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, neutral fats (waxes, ceramides), mono-, di-, triacylglycerol (TAG).
- Complex lipids: glycolipids, sphingolipids/sphingoglycolipids, phospholipids, lipoproteins.
- Derived lipids: steroids, eicosanoids, ketones, fat-soluble vitamins.
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