Common Eye Disorders and Anatomy

Myopia (Nearsightedness): Difficulty seeing distant objects; corrected with concave lenses.
Hyperopia (Farsightedness): Difficulty seeing close objects; corrected with convex lenses.
Astigmatism: Blurred vision caused by an irregularly shaped cornea; treated with cylindrical lenses.
Presbyopia: Age-related decline in the ability to focus on close objects; commonly treated with reading glasses.
Cataracts: Clouding of the lens, leading to blurry vision; often treated with surgery to replace the lens.
Glaucoma: Increased pressure in the eye that can damage the optic nerve; may lead to vision loss.
Macular Degeneration: Deterioration of the central portion of the retina; affects fine vision and can be age-related.

Cornea: Clear front layer that helps focus light.
Pupil: Opening that regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
Iris: Colored part of the eye; controls the size of the pupil.
Lens: Flexible structure behind the pupil that further focuses light on the retina.
Retina: Layer of light-sensitive cells at the back of the eye; converts light into nerve signals.
Optic Nerve: Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
Vitreous Humor: Gel-like substance filling the eye, maintaining shape and providing support.

Light Reception: The eye captures light and converts it into neural signals.
Focusing: The cornea and lens adjust to focus light on the retina.
Image Formation: Inverted images are formed on the retina, which the brain interprets as upright.
Color Detection: Cones in the retina detect colors, enabling color vision.
Peripheral Vision: Rods in the retina enable detection of motion and provide night vision.

Regular Eye Exams: Essential for early detection of disorders; recommended every 1-2 years.
Protective Eyewear: Use sunglasses to block UV rays; safety goggles for activities with risk of eye injury.
Proper Hygiene: Wash hands before touching the eyes; avoid sharing makeup or contact lenses.
Healthy Diet: Foods rich in vitamins A, C, E, omega-3 fatty acids support eye health.
Limit Screen Time: Follow the 20-20-20 rule to reduce eye strain; look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds every 20 minutes.

Light Entry: Light enters through the cornea, passes through the pupil, and is further focused by the lens.
Image Projection: Focused light forms an image on the retina.
Signal Conversion: Photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) convert light into electrical signals.
Signal Transmission: Signals travel through the optic nerve to the visual cortex in the brain.
Image Processing: The brain processes the signals, enabling perception of the visual scene.

Myopia, or nearsightedness, impairs distant vision and is corrected with concave lenses.
Hyperopia, or farsightedness, affects close vision and is corrected using convex lenses.
Astigmatism results in blurred vision due to an irregular cornea and is treated with cylindrical lenses.
Presbyopia is the age-related decline in near focusing ability, typically managed with reading glasses.
Cataracts involve lens clouding, leading to blurry vision, and are often treated with surgical lens replacement.
Glaucoma is characterized by increased intraocular pressure, potentially damaging the optic nerve and causing vision loss.
Macular degeneration affects the central retina, impairing fine vision, and can be associated with aging.

The cornea is the clear front layer crucial for light focusing.
The pupil is the opening that controls light entry into the eye.
The iris is the colored part of the eye that adjusts pupil size based on light conditions.
The lens is a flexible structure responsible for further focusing light onto the retina.
The retina contains light-sensitive cells that convert light into neural signals for vision.
The optic nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain for processing.
Vitreous humor is a gel-like substance that fills the eye, maintaining its shape and supporting internal structures.

The eye captures light and transforms it into neural signals for visual processing.
The cornea and lens work together to focus light accurately on the retina.
Inverted images formed on the retina are interpreted as upright by the brain.
Color vision is facilitated by cone cells in the retina, enabling color detection.
Rods in the retina enhance peripheral vision, motion detection, and night vision capabilities.

Regular eye exams are vital for the early detection of disorders, recommended every 1-2 years.
Protective eyewear, such as sunglasses, shields against UV rays, while goggles are essential for injury-prone activities.
Maintaining proper hygiene—like washing hands prior to touching eyes—helps prevent infections.
A diet rich in vitamins A, C, E, and omega-3 fatty acids is beneficial for overall eye health.
Reducing screen time using the 20-20-20 rule helps alleviate eye strain by encouraging breaks.

Light enters the eye through the cornea, passes through the pupil, and is focused by the lens.
Focused light forms images on the retina for processing.
Rod and cone photoreceptor cells convert incoming light into electrical signals.
These visual signals travel via the optic nerve to the brain’s visual cortex.
The brain processes signals, enabling the perception of visual images and scenes.