Common Antibiotic Classes and Uses
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Questions and Answers

What causes bacteria to appear blue under a Gram stain?

  • High concentration of antibiotics
  • Presence of a very thick cell wall (correct)
  • A thin peptidoglycan layer
  • Absence of lipopolysaccharides

    • What does the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) identify?

  • The lowest concentration of drug to prevent growth of bacteria (correct)
  • The concentration required for a broad spectrum effect
  • The highest effective dose of an antibiotic
  • The lowest concentration of drug that kills 99.9% of organisms

    • Which factor determines the effectiveness of specific antibiotics against bacteria?

  • Type of bacterial cell wall (correct)
  • Bacterial growth rate
  • Antibiotic dosage administered
  • Presence of oxygen during treatment

    • What is the difference between narrow-spectrum and broad-spectrum antibiotics?

    <p>Narrow-spectrum acts on specific bacteria; broad-spectrum acts on a wide range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibiotics generally function to combat bacterial infections?

    <p>They attack vital components of the bacterial cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for penicillins?

    <p>Inhibit cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following penicillins is considered effective against resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections?

    <p>Cloxacillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes second-generation penicillins from first-generation penicillins?

    <p>They have a broader antibacterial spectrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is not effectively treated by the first-generation penicillins?

    <p>E. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does combining Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid provide?

    <p>Increases its resistance to penicillinase-producing organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generation of penicillins is known for having a poor activity against gram-positive organisms?

    <p>Third Generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary cause for the decreased effectiveness of penicillins against certain bacteria?

    <p>Production of penicillinase enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following penicillins is recognized for treating serious infections, including those from Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>Piperacillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of third-generation cephalosporins?

    <p>Treat serious gram-negative infections not responding to second-generation agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of tetracyclines?

    <p>They can cause photosensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tetracycline has no usage recommended for children under 13 years old?

    <p>Minocycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of tetracyclines?

    <p>Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a labeling requirement for tetracyclines?

    <p>Avoid calcium, dairy products, antacids, and mineral supplements at the same time as dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macrolide can be used to treat Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

    <p>Erythromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections are third-generation cephalosporins especially useful for?

    <p>Serious gram-negative infections like meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fourth-generation cephalosporins from third-generation ones?

    <p>They have greater resistance to beta-lactamase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is specifically associated with tetracyclines and can lead to kidney damage?

    <p>Fanconi syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an appropriate use for cefixime?

    <p>Treating a viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided during the administration of fluoroquinolones?

    <p>Minerals such as calcium and magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient instruction is essential when administering Nitrofurantoin?

    <p>Drink plenty of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of long-term therapy with Nitrofurantoin?

    <p>Pulmonary reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of screening healthcare workers for tuberculosis (TB)?

    <p>To prevent person-to-person transmission by early diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for Vancomycin?

    <p>Inhibiting cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following scenarios would Vancomycin be primarily indicated?

    <p>Serious gram-positive infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is considered the 1st choice for prophylaxis of tuberculosis?

    <p>Isoniazid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action if a patient experiences flushing while receiving Vancomycin?

    <p>Continue the infusion slowly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Streptomycin typically reserved for cases where first-line drugs cannot be used?

    <p>It is used for treating drug-resistant TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the common symptoms of tuberculosis that therapy aims to relieve?

    <p>Fever and sweats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should pharmacists consider before dispensing antibiotics?

    <p>Insurance coverage and formulary status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding the administration of Norfloxacin?

    <p>It requires high water intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of public health strategies in controlling tuberculosis?

    <p>To promote public awareness and reduce the incidence of TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect associated with macrolides?

    <p>Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about aminoglycosides is true?

    <p>They can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for fluoroquinolones?

    <p>Inhibition of DNA gyrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug combination is referred to as Cotrimoxazole?

    <p>Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common dosage forms for Clindamycin?

    <p>Oral tablets and topical creams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is specifically noted for Cotrimoxazole?

    <p>Photosensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient population should avoid fluoroquinolones?

    <p>Children and pregnant women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect might occur with the use of Clindamycin?

    <p>Pseudomembranous colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Clarithromycin over Erythromycin?

    <p>Fewer adverse effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of sulfonamides?

    <p>They inhibit bacterial growth by antagonizing PABA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Aminoglycosides?

    <p>They have a narrow therapeutic index.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of fluoroquinolones?

    <p>Severe neurological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key instruction for patients taking Cotrimoxazole?

    <p>Maintain adequate fluid intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is often used as a substitute for penicillin in allergic patients?

    <p>Clarithromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Common Antibiotic Classes and Uses

    • Upper Respiratory Infections:

      • Amoxicillin (Penicillin class) is used for bacterial infections of the ears, throat, and urinary tract.
      • Cefuroxime (Cephalosporin class) covers respiratory, skin, and urinary infections.
      • Azithromycin (Macrolide class) treats respiratory, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and skin infections.
      • Ciprofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone class) treats urinary, gastrointestinal (GI), and respiratory infections.
      • Levofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone class) is used for respiratory, skin, and urinary tract infections.

    • Community Acquired Pneumonia:

      • Doxycycline (Tetracycline class) treats pneumonia, taking with water for better absorption.
      • Azithromycin (Macrolide class) is used for treating pneumonia and must be finished as per prescribed.
      • Levofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone class) treats pneumonia, is photosensitive, and taken once daily.

    • Urinary Tract Infections:

      • Nitrofurantoin treats urinary tract infections and is taken twice daily.
      • Norfloxacin (Fluoroquinolone class) treats urinary tract infections, avoid taking with minerals, and require photosensitivity precautions.
      • Ciprofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone class) is used for urinary tract infections.
      • Levaquin/Levofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone class) is used for urinary tract infections.

    Antibiotic Classifications

    • Penicillins: Used for a broad range of bacterial infections.
    • Cephalosporins: Often used as alternatives for penicillin allergies or more severe infections.
    • Macrolides: Effective against a variety of bacteria, particularly those in respiratory and skin infections.
    • Fluoroquinolones: broad-spectrum antibiotics particularly used in urinary, respiratory, skin, and GI infections.
    • Tetracyclines: Frequently used for acne and other bacterial infections like bronchitis.
    • Aminoglycosides: Generally used for serious infections.
    • Sulfonamides: Effective against various bacteria, especially those causing urinary tract infections.

    Additional Notes

    • Dosage forms include capsules, tablets, suspensions, and injections.
    • Typical dosing varies between drugs and infections.
    • Auxiliary labels are important recommendations for proper use, such as taking with food to avoid mineral interaction, or avoidance of dairy products, or photosensitivity precautions.

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    Related Documents

    Pharmaceutical Lecture Notes - Antibiotics - PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the various classes of antibiotics and their applications, particularly in treating upper respiratory infections, community acquired pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. Test your knowledge of specific antibiotics and their medicinal uses in different scenarios.

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