Combinatorics and Counting Principles

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Questions and Answers

How many different ways can you choose five shirts out of seven to take to camp?

  • 210
  • 105
  • 35 (correct)
  • 21

Using the Fundamental Counting Principle, how many different Maryland license plates with two letters followed by four digits can be formed?

  • 1000000
  • 156800
  • 67600
  • 456976 (correct)

What is the factorial expression for the number of ways to arrange seven sculptures in a row?

  • 8!
  • 7! (correct)
  • 6!
  • 5!

When assigning four distinct positions for a relay race from a team of nine runners, which calculation is required?

<p>9P4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If thirty people apply for ten job openings, what is the appropriate method for calculating the number of different hiring combinations?

<p>30C10 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which expression correctly evaluates the scenario of five different math books and three different biology books arranged on a shelf?

<p>(5!)(3!) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In how many different orders can you choose to read six of the nine books on your summer reading list?

<p>9P6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What formula would be used to calculate the total arrangements if a group of math and biology books are to be arranged with math books grouped together and biology books grouped together?

<p>(5 + 3)! (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes two events that cannot occur at the same time?

<p>Mutually exclusive events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the probability of either event A or event B occurring when they are mutually exclusive?

<p>P(A) + P(B) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario illustrates independent events?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a tree diagram representing snowfall and school closings, what does the probability P(H|C) represent?

<p>The probability of heavy snowfall given that schools are closed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time?

<p>$n! / (n - r)!$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When two events are dependent, what can be inferred about their probabilities?

<p>P(A|B) ≠ P(A) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which counting principle states that if one event has m outcomes and another has n outcomes, the total outcomes are m x n?

<p>Fundamental Counting Principle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the scenario of rolling a die followed by flipping a coin?

<p>Independent events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the expected value of a numerical random process best represent in the long run?

<p>Average outcome over a long period (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In simulations, which step involves linking a real-world activity to random numbers?

<p>Identify the real-world activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the probability observed in short-term experiments compared to long-term outcomes?

<p>Short-term probabilities can deviate significantly from long-term probabilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal when creating a simulation?

<p>To understand complex real-world scenarios better (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be an appropriate response variable when simulating the guessing of answers on a quiz?

<p>Number of correct answers guessed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to run several trials in a simulation?

<p>To collect a range of outcomes for better estimation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of simulation, what does the term 'random number assignment' refer to?

<p>Linking real-world outcomes to specific numbers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When estimating the probability of guessing correctly on a multiple-choice question, what is a likelihood to consider?

<p>The number of correct guesses from random selection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Expected Value

The long-run average outcome of a numerical random process.

Probability & Long-Term

Probability describes long-term patterns, not short-term results.

Simulation

A tool to run an experiment when it's costly, dangerous, or impractical to do in real life.

Simulation Steps (1-4)

  1. Identify activity, 2. Link to random numbers, 3. Trial procedure, 4. Response variable.
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Simulation Steps (5-7)

  1. Run trials, 6. Collect/summarise results, 7. State conclusion.
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True/False Simulation

Simulating guessing the correct answers on true/false questions to find the likelihood of scores.

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Yellow Tulip Probability

Determining the probability of choosing a yellow tulip from a bin.

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Multiple-Choice Guessing

Simulates the probability of answering multiple-choice questions correctly using random guessing.

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12C11 calculation

The number of ways to choose 11 items from a set of 12.

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12C1 calculation

The number of ways to choose 1 item from a set of 12.

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Combination formula

nCr = n! / (r! * (n-r)!) where n is the total number of items and r is the items to choose.

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Permutation vs. Combination

Permutation considers order; combination does not. Use permutations when the order of selection matters; otherwise, use combinations.

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Factorial (n!)

The product of all positive integers up to n.

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Fundamental Counting Principle

If one event can occur in 'm' ways and a second event can occur in 'n' ways, then both events can occur in m x n ways.

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6!2!

6 factorial times 2 factorial (6! * 2!).

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License Plate Combinations

Determine the total number of possible arrangements of letters and numbers for a license plate.

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Mutually Exclusive Events

Events that cannot occur at the same time.

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Independent Events

Events where the occurrence of one does not affect the occurrence of another.

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Dependent Events

Events where the occurrence of one affects the likelihood of another occurring.

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Permutation

An arrangement of items in a specific order.

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Combination

A selection of items where order does not matter.

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Probability of (H and O)

The probability of both heavy snowfall AND schools opening on that day.

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Probability of (H|C)

The probability of heavy snowfall GIVEN that schools are closed.

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Study Notes

Unit 3 Study Guide

  • Probability covers experimental, theoretical, and simulations
  • Knowledge checks and new topics are outlined for each day, along with check your understanding sections.
  • Key topics include Probability Vocabulary and Diagrams, 1st Quarter Exam Review, Conditional Probability, Mathematical Probability Rules, Counting Techniques, Theoretical Probability, and Simulations
  • Extra practice problems are available, often in Google Docs, and solutions are provided.
  • Review sheets are provided at the end of each topic.
  • Students should finish all Study Guide material, check answers with the key, and ask questions in class or during extra review.

Probability Vocabulary and Diagrams

  • Students should learn probability vocabulary.
  • Understanding diagrams related to probability is important.
  • Tossing a die 20 times is an example activity to practice finding probabilities using the data recorded.

Conditional Probability

  • Key calculation is calculating the probability of one event occurring given another event has already occurred.
  • Two-way tables are used.

Mathematical Probability Rules

  • Includes the Complement Rule, General Addition Rule, and General Multiplication Rule.
  • The General Addition Rule is used for calculating the probabilities of one event or another event occurring.
  • The General Multiplication Rule helps calculate the probabilities of two or more events occurring in a particular order.

Mutually Exclusive Events

  • Two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time. The probability of both occurring is 0.
  • If A and B are mutually exclusive then P(A or B) = P(A)+ P(B).

Independent Events

  • When the occurrence of one event does not affect the probability of the other event occurring.
  • If A and B are independent events then P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B).

Counting Techniques

  • Used to determine the number of outcomes in various situations.
  • Includes the Fundamental Counting Principle, permutations, and combinations

Simulations

  • Used when carrying out experiments is difficult or impractical
  • Key steps involved in creating a simulation are: Identify the real-world activity, link activity to random numbers, describe how random numbers are used to conduct a full trial, state the response variable, run several trials, collect and summarize the results, and state the conclusion.

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Unit 3 Study Guide PDF

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