COM 203: Chapter 10 - Rhetorical Perspective
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the Rhetorical Perspective?

  • The historical context of the argument
  • The speaker's personal beliefs and experiences
  • The appeal to the audience's needs and interests (correct)
  • The use of complex vocabulary

    • Which of the following is NOT one of the three key tools of persuasion in rhetoric?

  • Mythos (correct)
  • Pathos
  • Logos
  • Ethos

    • What does 'logos' refer to in the context of rhetorical appeals?

  • Ethical appeal
  • Cultural appeal
  • Emotional appeal
  • Logical appeal (correct)

    • How does pathos function in persuasive communication?

    <p>By appealing to the audience's emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'ethos' primarily concern in rhetoric?

    <p>The speaker's character and credibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who founded the Lyceum, an important school of rhetoric?

    <p>Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Narrative Paradigm suggests that our lives are shaped by which of the following?

    <p>Narrative events and stories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study of communication, what term describes a student or teacher of rhetoric?

    <p>Rhetorician</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does narrative probability assess in a story?

    <p>If the story is coherent and makes sense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which persuasion principle involves inducing compliance through rewards and punishments?

    <p>Compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a story that exhibits narrative fidelity?

    <p>It aligns with the audience's values and experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of persuasion is best described as integrating an argument into one's cognitive system?

    <p>Internalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of credibility relies on the speaker's background knowledge relevant to the subject?

    <p>Expertise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes trustworthiness in an argument?

    <p>The perception that the speaker is honest and truthful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identification as a persuasion principle primarily depends on which factor?

    <p>The attractiveness of the source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to influence narrative fidelity?

    <p>The attractiveness of the narrator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term dynamism refer to in the context of argumentation?

    <p>A strong delivery that conveys the speaker's care about the topic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions helps to enhance credibility in an argument?

    <p>Utilizing qualified sources that the audience respects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary way to lose credibility during an argument?

    <p>Lying by omission and not addressing damaging facts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reluctant testimony?

    <p>A statement made by sources that go against their interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of persuasion is viewed as unethical and often distracting?

    <p>Employing emotional appeals exclusively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transitivity arguments are constructed based on which logical form?

    <p>A = B AND B = C implies A = C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method that can diminish an arguers’ ethos?

    <p>Manipulating facts to misrepresent evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a sound way to maintain credibility while presenting an argument?

    <p>Recognizing and addressing the potential weaknesses in the argument.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In reasoning by analogy, which type involves comparing objects of different classes?

    <p>Figurative analogy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship expressed in a reciprocal argument?

    <p>An 'if – then' connection between events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes reasoning by generalization?

    <p>It asserts that what is true for some members applies to all members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn from a disjunctive syllogism?

    <p>One option must be true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best exemplifies reasoning by example?

    <p>Using personal experience from reality shows to generalize about all such shows.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of reasoning, what is a key feature of a figurative analogy?

    <p>It draws parallels based on shared characteristics across different categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best illustrates reasoning by analogy?

    <p>Arguing that because a specific law worked in one area, it will work the same in another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the major premise in a disjunctive syllogism represent?

    <p>A choice that requires rejection of one option.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a necessary condition in causal reasoning?

    <p>It must be present for another condition to occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates a sufficient condition?

    <p>Flooding occurs when there is excessive rain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a causal argument?

    <p>To claim that one event causes another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a coexistential argument function?

    <p>It draws inferences about unseen conditions from observable signs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates dissociation arguments from other forms of reasoning?

    <p>They assess the validity of opposing ideas separately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example best represents an argument from authority?

    <p>A doctor declaring that vaccinations prevent disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the example, 'Throwing gasoline on a fire will cause an explosion', what type of reasoning is being illustrated?

    <p>Sufficient condition reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common misconception does correlation often lead to?

    <p>It implies a direct cause-and-effect relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    COM 203: Argument & Analysis

    • This course covers argument and analysis.

    Chapter 10: The Rhetorical Perspective

    • Arguments are seen as appeals to an audience.

    • Consider the circumstances and strategies used to influence the audience.

    • Focuses on addressing recipient needs and interests to persuade.

    • Arguments should be relevant and persuasive.

    • The rhetorical perspective traces back to Aristotle (384-322 BCE).

    • Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who wrote about communication.

    • Aristotle was a student of Plato.

    • Aristotle founded the Lyceum, a famous school of rhetoric.

    • Rhetoric is the Greek name for the study of communication.

    • Rhetoric focuses on effective persuasion.

    • A rhetorician is a student or teacher of rhetoric.

    • Persuasion of audiences can be achieved using three tools.

      • Logos: logical dimension of appeal ("Word")
      • Pathos: emotional dimension of appeal ("Suffering" or "Sensation")
      • Ethos: speaker's credibility ("Character")

    Chapter 10: Persuading Your Audience (Pathos)

    • The Narrative Paradigm suggests we experience life through narratives (stories/ events).

    • Stories shape our understanding of the world, beliefs, and values.

    • Stories teach about history, ethics, and cultural/personal codes.

    • Types of historical narratives used for pathos.

      • Historical narratives
      • Myths/legends/parables
      • Anecdotes

    • Narratives are assessed via:

      • Narrative Probability: Does the story make sense?
      • Narrative Fidelity: Does the story match our values, experiences and reality?

    Chapter 10: Persuasion Principles

    • Compelling audience agreement is possible via three ways.

      • Compliance: Using rewards/punishments from a powerful source (independent of argument).
      • Identification: Attractive source, enhances self-concept.
      • Internalization: integrating the argument into one's cognitive system (persists despite losing the source).

    • Credibility (Ethos)

      • Expertise: Knowledge/information relevant to the argument.
      • Trustworthiness: Motivated to tell the truth.
      • Dynamism: Strong delivery, impression that the arguer cares.

    Chapter 10: Enhancing Credibility

    • Show audience experience (yours/sources).
    • Use qualified sources.
    • Use sources your recipients respect.
    • Use sound reasoning.
    • Demonstrate fairness.
    • Use reluctant testimony (source against vested interest).
    • Avoid inconsistency.

    Chapter 10: Ways to Lose Credibility

    • Lying.
      • Lying by commission: making untrue statements.
      • Lying by omission: not acknowledging damaging facts.
    • Manipulation: Deliberate misrepresentation of facts/evidence.
    • Coercion: Use of force/threats to do something against one's will.

    Chapter 10: Caveats

    • Using only emotional appeals is generally distracting and unethical

    Chapter 6: Reasoning Categories (Logos Revisited)

    • Reasoning via quasilogical arguments.
    • Quasilogical arguments relate two or three elements to indicate a connection, similar to syllogisms.
    • Similar to hypothetical/categorical syllogisms.

    Chapter 6: Other Types of Reasoning

    • Transivity arguments
    • Incompatibilities
    • Reciprocities
    • Reasoning by analogy: literal or figurative comparison of objects.
    • Reasoning by generalization / example: generalizing from a concrete example

    Chapter 6: Reasoning by Cause

    • Causal Arguments: claim that that one condition/event contributes to or brings about another condition/event.

    • Necessary condition: One must be present for the other to occur.

    • Sufficient condition: Presence guarantees the event.

    Chapter 6: Reasoning via Coexistential Arguments

    • Reason from an observed sign or condition to an unobserved feature.

    Chapter 6: Argument from Authority

    • An argument that reasons that a statement by a knowledgeable person can serve as sufficient evidence.

    Chapter 6: Dissociation

    • Disengages one idea from another, seeking new evaluation of both.
    • Values the real over subjective, and permanent over temporary.

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    COM 203 Argument & Analysis - F24 PDF

    Description

    Explore the rhetorical perspective in argumentation as covered in Chapter 10 of COM 203. This chapter delves into how appeals are crafted for audiences through logos, pathos, and ethos, while tracing the roots of rhetoric back to Aristotle. Understand the importance of audience needs in effective persuasion.

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