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Questions and Answers
What type of deposit is formed when gems are eroded from their source rock and remain in place close to the source?
What type of deposit is formed when gems are eroded from their source rock and remain in place close to the source?
What is the process by which minerals crystallize from a gas?
What is the process by which minerals crystallize from a gas?
What term is used to describe an independent gem or mineral prospector who typically uses small-scale, nonmechanized recovery methods?
What term is used to describe an independent gem or mineral prospector who typically uses small-scale, nonmechanized recovery methods?
What is the study of the formation, structure, and movement of the plates of the earth's crust?
What is the study of the formation, structure, and movement of the plates of the earth's crust?
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What is the term for the material covering a gem deposit that must be removed before production can begin?
What is the term for the material covering a gem deposit that must be removed before production can begin?
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What is a type of igneous rock that is typically formed from cooling, once-molten granite that follows fractures in its surrounding rock?
What is a type of igneous rock that is typically formed from cooling, once-molten granite that follows fractures in its surrounding rock?
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What is the term for a workable alluvial deposit of gem minerals with economic potential?
What is the term for a workable alluvial deposit of gem minerals with economic potential?
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What is the Earth's innermost layer?
What is the Earth's innermost layer?
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What type of rock is formed through the crystallization of molten material?
What type of rock is formed through the crystallization of molten material?
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What is the process by which one of the earth's plates is forced under another?
What is the process by which one of the earth's plates is forced under another?
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What is the term for a layer between the earth's crust and its core?
What is the term for a layer between the earth's crust and its core?
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What is the term for a hot, high-pressure solution that can dissolve, transport, and deposit minerals?
What is the term for a hot, high-pressure solution that can dissolve, transport, and deposit minerals?
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What is the term for a mineral deposit that occupies an existing fissure or fracture in the rock?
What is the term for a mineral deposit that occupies an existing fissure or fracture in the rock?
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What is the term for a large mass of igneous rock that crystallizes underground without reaching the surface?
What is the term for a large mass of igneous rock that crystallizes underground without reaching the surface?
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What is the term for changes in rock type and minerals over a wide area, caused by heat and pressure?
What is the term for changes in rock type and minerals over a wide area, caused by heat and pressure?
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What is the term for rock produced from the eroded and weathered remains of existing rocks?
What is the term for rock produced from the eroded and weathered remains of existing rocks?
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What is the term for the constant formation and recycling process that creates new rock from old?
What is the term for the constant formation and recycling process that creates new rock from old?
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What term is used for a localized change caused by igneous intrusion that takes place where the magma meets the surrounding rock ?
What term is used for a localized change caused by igneous intrusion that takes place where the magma meets the surrounding rock ?
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What is the wearing away and transporting of rock materials by natural forces?
What is the wearing away and transporting of rock materials by natural forces?
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What type of mineral is dense enough to become concentrated and separated from lighter ones by the action of surface water?
What type of mineral is dense enough to become concentrated and separated from lighter ones by the action of surface water?
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What type of rock is formed by the crystallization of molten material?
What type of rock is formed by the crystallization of molten material?
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What metamorphism creates a chemical change in the minerals and rocks resulting from the introduction of materials from external sources, often as hydrothermal solutions?
What metamorphism creates a chemical change in the minerals and rocks resulting from the introduction of materials from external sources, often as hydrothermal solutions?
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What is a long widespread area in the earths crust where tectonic events cause major structural changes, often forming mountain ranges?
What is a long widespread area in the earths crust where tectonic events cause major structural changes, often forming mountain ranges?
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What is a section of the earths rigid outer crust ?
What is a section of the earths rigid outer crust ?
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What is a Foreign Crystal that forms in an unrelated rocks and is brought to the surface as a passenger in magma?
What is a Foreign Crystal that forms in an unrelated rocks and is brought to the surface as a passenger in magma?
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What is the circulation in the mantle that drives the movement of the earth's plates?
What is the circulation in the mantle that drives the movement of the earth's plates?
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What is a spherical, often hollow, mineral-lined cavity in a rock ?
What is a spherical, often hollow, mineral-lined cavity in a rock ?
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What is a general term for molten rock ?
What is a general term for molten rock ?
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Gems found in the rocks they were formed in are found where ?
Gems found in the rocks they were formed in are found where ?
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Gems that are found away from their primary source are found in what ?
Gems that are found away from their primary source are found in what ?
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What is igneous activity at the earth's surface, where magma erupts through volcano or fissure?
What is igneous activity at the earth's surface, where magma erupts through volcano or fissure?
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Study Notes
Geology and Gem Formation
- An alluvial deposit is a type of deposit where gems are eroded from their source rock and transported away from the source, then concentrated.
Regions of Geological Activity
- An orogenic belt is a long, widespread area in the earth's crust where tectonic events cause major structural changes, often forming mountain ranges.
Mining and Extraction
- An artisanal miner is an independent gem or mineral prospector who typically uses small-scale, nonmechanized recovery methods.
- Overburden is the material covering a gem deposit that must be removed before production can begin.
Earth's Structure
- The core is the earth's innermost layer.
- The crust is the surface and outermost layer of the earth.
Geological Processes
- Contact metamorphism refers to localized changes caused by an igneous intrusion that takes place where the magma meets the surrounding rock.
- Erosion is the wearing away and transport of rock materials by natural forces.
- Pneumatolysis is the crystallization of minerals from a gas.
Types of Deposits
- Eluvial deposit is a deposit where gems are eroded from the source rock but remain in place close to the source.
- Placer is a workable alluvial deposit of gem minerals with economic potential.
Igneous Rocks
- Pegmatite is an igneous rock typically formed from cooling, once-molten granite that follows fractures in its surrounding rock.
- Igneous rock is rock formed by the crystallization of molten material.
Plate Tectonics
- Plate tectonics is the study of the formation, structure, and movement of the plates of the earth's crust.
- A plate is a section of the earth's rigid outer crust.
Mineral Formation
- Primary deposit refers to gems found in the rocks that they formed in.
- Heavy minerals are minerals dense enough to become concentrated and separated from lighter ones by the action of surface water.
Geological Events
- Regional metamorphism refers to changes in rock type and minerals over a wide area, caused by heat and pressure of large-scale geological events.
- Hydrothermal fluid is a hot, high-pressure solution that can dissolve, transport, and deposit minerals from one place to another.
Rock Cycle
- Rock cycle refers to a constant formation and recycling process that creates new rock from old.
Rock Types
- Sedimentary rock is rock produced from the eroded and weathered remains of existing rocks.
- Metamorphic rock is a category of rocks that have been altered by heat and pressure.
Volcanic Activity
- Magma is a general term for any molten rock.
- Volcanic pertains to igneous activity at the earth's surface, where magma erupts through a volcano or fissure.
Earth's Layers
- Mantle is a layer between the earth's crust and its core.
- Mantle convection refers to circulation in the mantle that drives the movement of the earth's plates.
Geological Features
- Subduction is a process that occurs when two of the earth's plates collide, forcing one under the other.
- Vein is a mineral deposit that occupies an existing fissure or fracture in the rock.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key terms related to colored stones, including geological processes and mining techniques. Learn about alluvial deposits, orogenic belts, artisanal miners, and overburden.
