Colonization and Independence in Africa

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a determinant of population growth or decline?

  • Death rate
  • Birth rate
  • Income level (correct)
  • Net migration

The Neo-Malthusian view strongly supports the idea that population growth can lead to resource depletion.

True (A)

What term describes a person who moves from one country to another seeking refuge from persecution?

Asylum seeker

The __________ is the difference between the number of births and deaths in a population, often expressed as a percentage.

<p>rate of natural increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to migration with their definitions:

<p>Refugee = A person forced to flee their country due to war or violence Internally displaced person = A person who has been forced to move within their own country Push factors = Conditions that drive people away from their home country Pull factors = Conditions that attract people to a new country</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary consequence of the Berlin Conference in the 1880s?

<p>Superimposed borders across Africa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pan-Africanism aims to unify African nations and people globally.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two components of the Human Development Index (HDI).

<p>Life expectancy and education level</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ Theory divides countries into core, semiperiphery, and periphery based on their economic development.

<p>World Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the development theory with its key characteristics:

<p>Modernization Theory = Linear economic growth stages World Systems Theory = Core, semiperiphery, and periphery Racial Capitalism = Profit from racial inequality Industrial Revolution = Transition to mechanized production</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the economic activity levels in a high-income country?

<p>Predominantly quaternary sector (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Climate change is primarily caused by natural factors, not human activities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does NDC stand for in the context of the Paris Agreement?

<p>Nationally Determined Contributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What was the Scramble for Africa?

The Scramble for Africa was a period of intense colonial competition among European powers in the late 19th century. It resulted in the division of most of Africa into European colonies, ignoring existing ethnic boundaries and cultural differences, often leading to conflict and instability.

What was the Berlin Conference?

The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 was a meeting of European powers to regulate colonization and trade in Africa. They carved up the continent without consulting African leaders, leading to artificial borders and ongoing conflict.

What is Modernization Theory?

Modernization Theory suggests that societies progress through stages of development, from traditional to modern, with economic growth as the key driver. It emphasizes Westernization and argues that developing countries can follow the path of developed nations. However, it faces criticism for ignoring colonial legacies and disparities.

Explain World Systems Theory.

World Systems Theory views the global economy as divided into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries. Core countries dominate the global economy, while periphery countries are exploited for their resources. This theory emphasizes the unequal power relations and exploitation in the global system.

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What is climate change?

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in weather patterns and average temperatures around the world. Caused primarily by human activities like burning fossil fuels, it leads to rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and biodiversity loss.

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What is the Paris Agreement?

The Paris Agreement is an international agreement aimed at combating climate change by limiting global temperature rise. It sets targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and encourages international cooperation.

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What is climate change adaptation?

Adaptation refers to adjusting to the effects of climate change that are already occurring. This involves changing practices, infrastructure, and lifestyles to minimize the impacts. Examples include building seawalls to protect coastal communities from rising sea levels.

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What is climate change mitigation?

Mitigation refers to taking actions to reduce the causes of climate change. It involves cutting greenhouse gas emissions by transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and protecting forests.

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Birth Rate

The number of births per 1,000 people in a population per year.

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Death Rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.

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Net Migration

The difference between the number of immigrants entering a country and the number of emigrants leaving it.

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Emigrant

A person who leaves their country of origin to settle in another country.

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Immigrant

A person who moves to a new country to settle there.

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Study Notes

Colonization and Independence in Africa

  • Elmina Castle in Ghana: Changed function and meaning over time, reflecting changes in power dynamics.
  • European Rationalization of Colonialism: Motives included competition, fear, and exploitation. Fueled by factors such as Europe's population explosion and capitalism.
  • Berlin Conference (1880s): Led to the "Scramble for Africa," with European powers dividing the continent.
  • Impacts of European Colonial Rule: Superimposed borders, economic exploitation, and political control.
  • World Wars (WWI and WWII) and Africa: Colonized Africans often fought in wars, contributing to the independence movement.
  • Anti-Colonial Resistance Movements: Led to independence movements throughout Africa.
  • Pan-Africanism: Advocated for unity and cooperation among African nations.

Economic Development

  • Levels of Economic Activity: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors.
  • GDP, GNP, GNI per capita: Indicators used to measure a country's economic output per person.
  • Human Development Index (HDI): Measures a country's well-being beyond economic output. Components include health, knowledge, and a decent standard of living.
  • HDI and other factors: Correlation between HDI, gender equality, and fertility rates.
  • Theories of Economic Development:
  • Industrial Revolution: Historical context for economic growth.
  • Racial Capitalism: Economic systems built on racial hierarchies.
  • Economies of Extraction: Focus on resource extraction for profit.
  • Modernization Theory: Five stages of development; criticized for its Western-centric view.
  • World Systems Theory: Core, semi-periphery, periphery - divides the world into economic zones and explores neocolonialism. Criticized for its broad generalizations about global economic structures.
  • Debt: A significant economic challenge for many countries.

Climate Change and Environmental Factors

  • Factors Affecting World Climates (LACEMOPS): Latitude, air pressure, cloud cover, elevation, wind, and ocean currents influencing weather patterns.
  • Latitude and Climate Zones: Low (tropical), mid (temperate), and high (polar/arctic) latitude zones and their prevailing climates.
  • Climate Change Causes: Human activities like burning fossil fuels are a major contributor.
  • Countries Most Responsible for Climate Change: Discussions on emissions and responsibility.
  • Carbon Emissions: Climate change impacts and sources.
  • Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation: Examples of actions to adapt to and mitigate climate change.
  • Climate Justice: The fair distribution of resources and burdens related to climate change.
  • Paris Agreement: International accord to limit global warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Nationally set targets for emissions reduction.
  • How to read latitude and longitude

Population and Migration

  • Global Population Trends: Falling fertility rates worldwide.
  • Fertility Rates in Developed vs. Undeveloped Countries: Higher in developing, lower in developed.
  • The Top Ten Most Populous Countries (2022): Understand the concept of population rankings.
  • Population Growth Determinants: Birth rate, death rate, and net migration.
  • Demographic Transition Model: Stages of population change and why they occur.
  • Key Population Definitions: Birth rate, death rate, net migration, emigrant, immigrant, rate of natural increase, total fertility rate, replacement fertility rate, life expectancy, and dependency ratio.
  • Population Pyramids: Expansive, stationary, and constrictive types.
  • Migration: Analyzing migration flows, push and pull factors.
  • Intervening Obstacles: Factors hindering migration (economic, social, political, and environmental).
  • Remittances: Money sent home by migrants.

Colonialism, Economic Development, and Global Trade

  • Settler Colonialism: Conquest of Native American lands; Warfare, treaties and violations including removal.
  • Definitions: Empire, imperialism, polity, colony, hegemony, settler colony (example), administrative colony (example).

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