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Questions and Answers
What role did colleagues at the Centre for Historical Studies play in the creation of the book?
What role did colleagues at the Centre for Historical Studies play in the creation of the book?
Which institution provided the authors with the opportunity to stay in Japan?
Which institution provided the authors with the opportunity to stay in Japan?
Which of the following tasks was primarily done in Japan as mentioned?
Which of the following tasks was primarily done in Japan as mentioned?
Who was crucial in making the opportunity to stay in Japan possible?
Who was crucial in making the opportunity to stay in Japan possible?
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How did the authors describe the interactions with their colleagues and friends?
How did the authors describe the interactions with their colleagues and friends?
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Which of the following individuals is NOT mentioned as contributing to the authors' ideas?
Which of the following individuals is NOT mentioned as contributing to the authors' ideas?
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What sentiment did the authors express regarding their colleagues and students?
What sentiment did the authors express regarding their colleagues and students?
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What type of discussions were highlighted in relation to the authors’ intellectual growth?
What type of discussions were highlighted in relation to the authors’ intellectual growth?
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What was the percentage of illiteracy among women in 1951?
What was the percentage of illiteracy among women in 1951?
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What was one of the weaknesses of the colonial educational system in India?
What was one of the weaknesses of the colonial educational system in India?
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Which factor was NOT responsible for poverty and impoverishment in colonial India?
Which factor was NOT responsible for poverty and impoverishment in colonial India?
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Which statement correctly describes the impact of railway development in India?
Which statement correctly describes the impact of railway development in India?
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What feature characterized the evolution of the Indian industrial base before 1947?
What feature characterized the evolution of the Indian industrial base before 1947?
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How many middle schools existed in India at the time mentioned?
How many middle schools existed in India at the time mentioned?
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What was one consequence of the English-based educational system?
What was one consequence of the English-based educational system?
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What trend was observed in Indian capital by the end of the Second World War?
What trend was observed in Indian capital by the end of the Second World War?
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How was the education for scientific and technical manpower in India in 1939?
How was the education for scientific and technical manpower in India in 1939?
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What socio-economic condition marked the end of colonialism in India?
What socio-economic condition marked the end of colonialism in India?
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What was a significant characteristic of the indigenous capitalist class in India after 1914?
What was a significant characteristic of the indigenous capitalist class in India after 1914?
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Which demographic experienced the highest illiteracy rate in 1951?
Which demographic experienced the highest illiteracy rate in 1951?
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Which sector generated more national income than the large-scale industrial sector?
Which sector generated more national income than the large-scale industrial sector?
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What was a key perceived advantage of the colonial educational system in India?
What was a key perceived advantage of the colonial educational system in India?
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What percentage of bank deposits did Indian joint-stock banks hold?
What percentage of bank deposits did Indian joint-stock banks hold?
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What limitation characterized the development of Indian industry and capitalism?
What limitation characterized the development of Indian industry and capitalism?
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What major social divisions were exploited to promote conflict in India?
What major social divisions were exploited to promote conflict in India?
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By 1947, what percentage of the Indian Civil Service (ICS) members were Indian?
By 1947, what percentage of the Indian Civil Service (ICS) members were Indian?
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What was a primary characteristic of the Indian Civil Service (ICS)?
What was a primary characteristic of the Indian Civil Service (ICS)?
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What obstacle did the ICS present after India gained independence in 1947?
What obstacle did the ICS present after India gained independence in 1947?
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Where was corruption most prevalent in the Indian administration during British rule?
Where was corruption most prevalent in the Indian administration during British rule?
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What actions did the British take to maintain the separation between the military and the national movement?
What actions did the British take to maintain the separation between the military and the national movement?
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How did the British armed forces contribute to their regime in India?
How did the British armed forces contribute to their regime in India?
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What was one consequence of high taxes implemented during the Second World War?
What was one consequence of high taxes implemented during the Second World War?
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What was the primary concern of Jawaharlal Nehru regarding international trade?
What was the primary concern of Jawaharlal Nehru regarding international trade?
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How did Indian nationalists view industrialization?
How did Indian nationalists view industrialization?
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What type of industries did nationalists believe should be encouraged for essential consumer goods?
What type of industries did nationalists believe should be encouraged for essential consumer goods?
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What was a key role envisioned for the state in India's economic development by nationalists?
What was a key role envisioned for the state in India's economic development by nationalists?
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Which group did nationalists seek to abolish in their agrarian reform during the 1930s and 1940s?
Which group did nationalists seek to abolish in their agrarian reform during the 1930s and 1940s?
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What was seen as a major cause of India’s economic dependence and underdevelopment?
What was seen as a major cause of India’s economic dependence and underdevelopment?
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What attitude did nationalists hold towards the entry of foreign capital?
What attitude did nationalists hold towards the entry of foreign capital?
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Which economic strategy was largely accepted during the 1930s among Indian nationalists?
Which economic strategy was largely accepted during the 1930s among Indian nationalists?
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Study Notes
Colonial Legacy in India
-
Economic Development:
- British rule brought railway development and infrastructure, but the emphasis was on resource extraction for Britain, hindering Indian industrial growth. - The Indian textile industry flourished, but it was largely based on cotton, jute, sugar, soap, paper, and matches.
- While some capital goods industries emerged, their scale was limited, and most technical personnel were non-Indian. - By 1947, Indian capital controlled a significant portion of large industrial units, with the small-scale sector heavily reliant on Indian capital. - Indian capital saw success in banking, insurance, and internal trade, but overall industrialization lagged behind, with limited access to electricity and widespread illiteracy, hampering economic development.
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The Colonial State
- The British established a centralized educational system based on English, creating an India-wide intelligentsia with common perspectives but also a wide gap between the educated class and the masses.
- The colonial education system was rigid and emphasized rote learning, hindering independent thinking.
- The British administration was largely efficient, with the Indian Civil Service (ICS) playing a crucial role under British control.
- While Indianization of services occurred, key positions remained under British control, with Indians in those roles effectively working as agents of British rule.
- Corruption flourished at lower administrative levels, particularly in areas like public works, irrigation, and the police.
Nationalist Vision for Independent India
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Economic Self-Reliance:
- Indian nationalists prioritized economic self-reliance through industrialization.
- The emphasis was on developing a heavy capital goods sector to reduce dependence on foreign technology.
- The promotion of medium, small-scale, and cottage industries was seen as essential for employment growth.
- Nationalists opposed unrestricted foreign investment, believing it would stifle Indian enterprise and capital.
- While foreign capital could be utilized under Indian political control, the primary focus was on indigenous capital.
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Agrarian Reform:
- The abolition of zamindari and other intermediary rent receivers was a key goal.
- The envisaged agricultural structure would be based on peasant proprietors.
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State Intervention:
- The need for a strong state role in economic development was recognized.
- Economic planning and a robust public sector were seen as crucial for rapid industrialization.
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Description
Explore the complex economic development during British rule in India. This quiz examines the effects of colonial policies on industrial growth, the rise of the Indian textile industry, and the establishment of a centralized educational system. Assess your understanding of how these factors contributed to India's economic landscape by 1947.
