Podcast
Questions and Answers
What term was more frequently used in Spanish America to describe distinct social categories?
What term was more frequently used in Spanish America to describe distinct social categories?
When did the word 'raza' become prevalent in colonial Latin America?
When did the word 'raza' become prevalent in colonial Latin America?
Who were the 'Creoles' in colonial Spanish America?
Who were the 'Creoles' in colonial Spanish America?
What distinguished Spaniards/Peninsulars from Creoles in colonial Spanish America?
What distinguished Spaniards/Peninsulars from Creoles in colonial Spanish America?
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Which term was used to refer to the nobility and luster of blood in colonial Latin America?
Which term was used to refer to the nobility and luster of blood in colonial Latin America?
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What is depicted in the lower register of the representation of socio-hierarchical order in Recife, Brazil?
What is depicted in the lower register of the representation of socio-hierarchical order in Recife, Brazil?
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Who provided the muscle required for building churches, government offices, and wealthy residences in Spanish and Portuguese America?
Who provided the muscle required for building churches, government offices, and wealthy residences in Spanish and Portuguese America?
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Which artist is known as 'Aleijadinho' in colonial Brazil?
Which artist is known as 'Aleijadinho' in colonial Brazil?
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When was the colonial capital of Brazil moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro?
When was the colonial capital of Brazil moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro?
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By 1697, in Brazil, were there more free men and women of African descent than enslaved Africans?
By 1697, in Brazil, were there more free men and women of African descent than enslaved Africans?
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Where were gold and diamond exports to Portugal from Brazil carefully controlled?
Where were gold and diamond exports to Portugal from Brazil carefully controlled?
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Which Asian community has the largest population outside of their home country in Brazil?
Which Asian community has the largest population outside of their home country in Brazil?
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Which Asian group was referred to as 'Chinos' in colonial Latin American documents?
Which Asian group was referred to as 'Chinos' in colonial Latin American documents?
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Where did Filipinos mostly work as indentured servants in Latin America?
Where did Filipinos mostly work as indentured servants in Latin America?
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In which period did significant Korean populations establish in major Latin American metropolitan areas?
In which period did significant Korean populations establish in major Latin American metropolitan areas?
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Where did tens of thousands of Filipinos land in Latin America?
Where did tens of thousands of Filipinos land in Latin America?
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Which region outside of Asia has more than 100,000 Chinese immigrants from 1880-1920?
Which region outside of Asia has more than 100,000 Chinese immigrants from 1880-1920?
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What was the purpose of Sumptuary Laws during the colonial period?
What was the purpose of Sumptuary Laws during the colonial period?
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Who could generally not use the title 'Don' and 'Doña' during the colonial period?
Who could generally not use the title 'Don' and 'Doña' during the colonial period?
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During the colonial period, who might confer the title of 'Don' or 'Doña' on distinguished individuals?
During the colonial period, who might confer the title of 'Don' or 'Doña' on distinguished individuals?
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What was the main reason for people suing others in court during the colonial period regarding the use of titles?
What was the main reason for people suing others in court during the colonial period regarding the use of titles?
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What is the modern-day significance of using the titles 'Don' and 'Doña'?
What is the modern-day significance of using the titles 'Don' and 'Doña'?
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Which group of immigrants contributed to changing demographics in Latin America from 1870s-1920s?
Which group of immigrants contributed to changing demographics in Latin America from 1870s-1920s?
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What connotation has the word 'indio' acquired in Spanish America?
What connotation has the word 'indio' acquired in Spanish America?
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In modern Spanish, what does 'hacer indiadas' mean?
In modern Spanish, what does 'hacer indiadas' mean?
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What might the phrase 'Ese niño es un indio' imply in Spanish?
What might the phrase 'Ese niño es un indio' imply in Spanish?
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What were some of the restrictions imposed by Sumptuary Laws on certain groups in Colonial Latin America?
What were some of the restrictions imposed by Sumptuary Laws on certain groups in Colonial Latin America?
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Who was expected to go barefoot as a part of Sumptuary Laws?
Who was expected to go barefoot as a part of Sumptuary Laws?
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What were non-elites prohibited from doing under Sumptuary Laws?
What were non-elites prohibited from doing under Sumptuary Laws?
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Study Notes
Spanish America and Indigenous Background
- In Spanish America, the word "indio" has a pejorative connotation and is sometimes used to insult someone or imply they are backward or wild.
- Using the term "indio" to refer to someone of indigenous background is considered offensive.
Sumptuary Laws
- Sumptuary laws were state-sponsored restrictions on expense and ostentation in dress, meant to regulate castas and slaves.
- These laws prohibited certain groups from wearing specific garments, such as silk, pearls, or objects made of gold.
- Slaves were expected to go barefoot, and non-elites were prohibited from carrying swords, riding horseback, or wearing certain clothing.
Titles of Respect
- Elite individuals used titles such as "Don" and "Doña" to distinguish themselves from others.
- These titles were initially exclusive to members of the aristocracy, nobility, and landed gentry.
- Only rarely were these titles conferred upon distinguished members of the castas.
Post-Colonial Immigration
- Post-colonial immigration to Latin America included Italians, Germans, French, Russians, Filipinos, Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, and Afro-Caribbean immigrants.
- This immigration led to significant changes in demographics, particularly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Concepts of Race and Class
- In colonial Latin America, people perceived themselves and others as belonging to distinct "calidades" or qualities.
- The term "raza" (for race) associated with skin color did not become prevalent until the 1800s.
Social Structure
- The White Ruling Class in colonial Spanish America consisted of Spaniards and Creoles.
- Spaniards referred to colonists born in Spain, while Creoles referred to the children of Spaniards born in colonial Spanish America.
Art and Architecture
- Indigenous, mestizo, and African-descended peoples produced beautiful artwork in Spanish and Portuguese America.
- They also provided the labor required for building churches, government offices, and private residences of the wealthy.
- The great artist Antonio Francisco Lisboa (known as "Aleijadinho") of colonial Brazil stands out.
Immigration to Latin America
- State-sponsored immigration to Latin America, especially in the Southern Cone (1880-1920), led to significant demographic changes.
- Immigrants came from countries such as Italy, Germany, France, Russia, Philippines, China, Japan, and Korea.
Asians in Latin America
- Tens of thousands of Filipinos landed in Mexico, mostly as soldiers, sailors, prisoners, or slaves.
- Large numbers of Chinese went to Cuba and Peru from 1880-1920, and throughout Latin America, often as indentured servants.
- Many Asian immigrants settled in major Latin American metropolitan areas.
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Description
Explore the concept of 'calidades' among colonial Latin Americans, emphasizing nobility and distinction. Learn about the shift from 'calidades' to 'raza' in the 1800s and its association with race and skin color. Discover more about the perception of Pre-Conquest Amerindians in this historical context.
