Colonial America: Taxation and Representation
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Questions and Answers

What problems did the Seven Years' War/French & Indian War cause for Great Britain?

The biggest problem for England was the debt. Britain's debt jumped from the troops. The colonists didn't believe they should pay for the aftermath of the war or troops.

What were the fundamental beliefs of the Real Whigs? What were the Real Whigs' warnings?

The Real Whigs believed powerful governments were dangerous, especially those headed by monarchs, and that standing armies were a threat to liberty. They warned that a corrupt government could destroy adequate representation, impose unjust taxes, or replace jury trials with arbitrary proceedings.

What was the significance of the Stamp Act?

The Stamp Act was the first internal direct tax levied on the American colonies.

From the colonists' perspective, what were the problems with the Stamp Act? (Select all that apply)

<p>It was a broad revenue measure that applied to a wide range of printed materials. (B), Violators of the Act could be tried in vice-admiralty courts, which were seen as biased against colonists. (C), It was a clear attempt by the British government to raise revenue without the consent of the colonists. (D), It was a violation of the colonists' rights as British citizens. (E), It contradicted colonial traditions of self-imposed taxation. (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Parliament's Declaratory Act?

<p>The Declaratory Act asserted Parliament's right to tax and pass laws for the American colonies 'in all cases whatsoever.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ Act: Parliament passed new taxes on imports on sugar, wine, coffee, and other commodities (increased taxes). Intended to raise money for Britain.

<p>Sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Currency Act?

<p>The Currency Act made it illegal for the colonies to issue paper money. They were required to pay in gold or silver instead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Stamp Act Congress do?

<p>The Stamp Act Congress was a meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, where they drafted a Declaration of Rights and Grievances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Declaration of Rights and Grievances?

<p>The Declaration of Rights and Grievances declared that taxes imposed on British colonists without their formal consent were unconstitutional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Declaration of Rights and Grievances assert?

<p>The Declaratory Act asserted Parliament's right to tax and pass laws for England's American colonies in all cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did King George III play in the American Revolution?

<p>King George III played a significant role in the American Revolution. He was known as a stubborn and unpopular ruler who ultimately rejected the colonists' pleas for reconciliation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was George Grenville's view on the American colonies?

<p>George Grenville, a British Prime Minister, believed that the American colonies should be more tightly controlled by the British government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the importance of James Otis Jr.'s work, "The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved"?

<p>James Otis Jr.'s work was one of the first powerful arguments against British laws imposed on the colonists. He famously argued that &quot;taxation without representation is tyranny.&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Patrick Henry known for?

<p>Patrick Henry was known for his fiery speeches, most notably the declaration 'Give me liberty or give me death!' He was a strong advocate for colonial rights, but did not support complete independence from Great Britain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Sons of Liberty?

<p>The Sons of Liberty was an intercolonial association formed to control radical elements of the population and prevent any unrest or violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Lord Rockingham do?

<p>Lord Rockingham, a British Whig leader, repealed the Stamp Act and modified the Sugar Act.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the Virginia House of Burgesses' response to the passage of the Stamp Act?

<p>The Virginia House of Burgesses passed resolutions denying the British Parliament's authority to tax the colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Townshend Duties differ from the Navigation Acts? (Select all that apply)

<p>The Townshend Duties were levied on items imported from Great Britain, while the Navigation Acts focused on goods imported from foreign countries. (E), The Townshend Duties were designed to raise money to pay the salaries of royal officials in the colonies, while the Navigation Acts aimed to regulate trade and protect British industries. (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the provisions of the Coercive Acts (also known as the Intolerable Acts)?

<p>The Coercive Acts were a set of four measures designed to punish Massachusetts for its resistance to British policies. These included:</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following were provisions of the Coercive Acts? (Select all that apply)

<p>The Quartering Act, which required colonists to house British troops in their homes or provide alternative accommodations. (B), The Boston Port Act, which closed the port of Boston until the East India Company was repaid for lost tea. (C), The Administration of Justice Act, which allowed the royal governor to move any trial of a crown officer out of Massachusetts to prevent bias. (D), The Quebec Act, which expanded the boundaries of Quebec westward and extended religious tolerance to Roman Catholics. (F), The Massachusetts Government Act, which placed the colonial government under the direct control of crown officials and limited town meetings. (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the East India Company in the events leading up to the American Revolution?

<p>The East India Company was a vital part of the events leading to the American Revolution. The company's troubles led to the passing of the Tea Act, which allowed the company to sell tea directly to American colonists, bypassing colonial merchants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Charles Townshend and what were the Townshend Duties?

<p>Charles Townshend was the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who imposed new taxes on goods imported from Great Britain, known as the Townshend Duties. These taxes targeted items such as glass, paper, and tea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Lord North play in the events leading up to the American Revolution?

<p>Lord North was the Prime Minister of Great Britain during the American Revolution. He initially supported the Townshend Duties but later recognized their unpopularity and advocated for their repeal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Samuel Adams known for?

<p>Samuel Adams was a key figure in the American Revolution, known for his leadership of the Sons of Liberty and for his role in organizing the Boston Tea Party.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened during the Daughters of Liberty and women's protests against the Townshend Duties?

<p>The Daughters of Liberty, inspired by the 1765 Stamp Act protests, mobilized women as political actors to support the non-importation movement of 1767-1768, promoting boycotts of British goods and urging colonial women to shop only with merchants who signed non-importation agreements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened during the Boston Massacre?

<p>The Boston Massacre was a violent clash between British soldiers and a group of local colonists who were protesting British policies. After a heated confrontation, British soldiers fired on the crowd, killing five.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the goal of the Boston Tea Party? What was the outcome?

<p>The Boston Tea Party, carried out by colonists disguised as Native Americans, was meant to protest the Tea Act by destroying 342 chests of British tea. The East India Company had been granted a monopoly to sell tea directly to American colonists, bypassing colonial merchants, and colonists saw this as a means to further restrict their trade and economic autonomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tasks did the delegates to the Continental Congress face as they gathered in Philadelphia in September 1774?

<p>The delegates to the Continental Congress (1) defined their grievances against Great Britain, (2) developed a plan for resistance, (3) prepared for a possible attack against Boston, and (4) determined their desired relationship with England.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the two primary accomplishments of the First Continental Congress?

<p>The First Continental Congress drafted the Articles of Association, an agreement to boycott British goods, and established the Second Continental Congress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the event at Lexington in April 1775 considered significant?

<p>The 'shot heard around the world,' as it is often called, marked the beginning of the American Revolution, as the first shots were fired at Lexington, Massachusetts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the American Prohibitory Act?

<p>The Prohibitory Act effectively declared war on King George III's colonies, cutting off all trade and communication with Great Britain while also authorizing the British Navy to seize American ships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Thomas Paine’s Common Sense lay the groundwork for the American Revolution?

<p>Thomas Paine's pamphlet, <em>Common Sense</em>, made a powerful case for American independence. He argued that it was time for the colonists to break free from British rule and establish a republican government based on the principles of self-governance and popular sovereignty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Olive Branch Petition?

<p>To peacefully resolve disputes with Great Britain by withdrawing troops and repealing the Intolerable Acts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of the Articles of Association?

<p>The Articles of Association, a major accomplishment of the First Continental Congress, was an agreement to boycott British goods, aiming to disrupt British trade and exert economic pressure on the British government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the American Prohibitory Act?

<p>The American Prohibitory Act, a declaration of war by Great Britain against the colonies, sought to block all trade and communication with the colonies as a way to suppress the rebellion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Thomas Jefferson, and what was his role in the American Declaration of Independence?

<p>Thomas Jefferson was one of the five committee members tasked with drafting the Declaration of Independence. He was primarily responsible for writing the document, which laid out the colonists' grievances against Great Britain and their rationale for declaring independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened during the Battle of Lexington and Concord?

<p>The Battle of Lexington and Concord, a pivotal event at the beginning of the American Revolution, saw colonists exchanging fire with British soldiers, marking the start of the conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the key outcomes of the Battle of Bunker Hill?

<p>The Battle of Bunker Hill, while a victory for the British, was a costly one for them. The heavy casualties they sustained further convinced the British that the colonists were serious about resistance and that suppressing the rebellion would be a difficult and protracted endeavor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Second Continental Congress?

<p>The Second Continental Congress served as the first government for the newly independent United States, issuing the Declaration of Independence, creating the Continental Army, and drafting the Articles of Confederation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms?

<p>The Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, issued by the Second Continental Congress, presented a formal declaration of war against Great Britain, outlining the colonists' reasons for fighting and their commitment to securing their freedom and independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why, for the colonists, the military situation was more important than forming a government in 1776.

<p>The colonists recognized that a single disastrous battle could potentially overturn their entire bid for independence. They needed to prioritize their military efforts and securing decisive victories on the battlefield before they could effectively establish a stable and functional government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the Treaty of Paris for the American colonists?

<p>They gained recognition as an independent nation, with full control over their territory. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the Native Americans as a result of the Treaty of Paris?

<p>Though not a central part of the negotiations, the Treaty of Paris inadvertently resulted in the abandonment of many Native American tribes by their British allies. No Native American representatives were present at the Treaty of Paris, leaving them vulnerable and without a voice in the proceedings, and ultimately losing significant territories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main outcomes for Great Britain, France, and Spain after the Treaty of Paris?

<p>The Treaty of Paris resulted in significant territorial losses for Great Britain, including the loss of their colonies. France, deeply in debt from supporting the American cause, ultimately wanted to limit the United States' power to prevent its future dominance. Spain, on the other hand, gained Florida from Great Britain and was cautiously optimistic about limiting the United States' expansion westward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the three main consequences of the American Revolution?

<p>The American Revolution led to the formation of a new nation, the United States of America, that eventually gained control over much of North America. It also encouraged expansion westward and manifested the idea of Manifest Destiny, influencing future American policy. And it broadened the concept of democracy and revolutionized the world's views on colonialism and imperial rule. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the five major challenges facing the United States in the immediate aftermath of the American Revolution?

<p>Post-war inflation was rampant, making it difficult for citizens to meet their basic needs. Many soldiers were owed money for their service. A lack of national unity persisted, with states often prioritizing their own interests. The printing of money by individual states created economic instability. And, disputes over landownership, particularly in the western territories, led to tensions between states and fueled conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental rights were guaranteed by most state constitutions, even without a formal bill of rights?

<p>Most state constitutions guaranteed citizens four fundamental rights: freedom of religion, freedom of the press, the right to a fair trial, and the right to consent of taxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What powers did the Articles of Confederation grant to the federal government (Congress)? (Select all that apply)

<p>The right to make treaties with foreign nations. (B), The ability to borrow and print money. (C), The authority to settle disputes between states. (G), The authority to declare war and make peace. (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the provisions of the Articles of Confederation in relation to the states? (Select all that apply)

<p>Any powers not explicitly granted to Congress belonged to the states. (A), Each state had an equal vote in Congress. (B), Each state was sovereign and independent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the government under the Articles of Confederation so weak?

<p>The Articles of Confederation created a weak national government because it lacked the power to impose taxes or enforce its laws. The weak national government left states with significant authority, leading to a lack of unity and coordination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Shay's Rebellion, and how did it contribute to the need to reform the Articles of Confederation?

<p>Shay's Rebellion, led by Daniel Shays, was a desperate attempt by farmers, who were struggling due to high taxes and foreclosures, to prevent government actions against them. This rebellion exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, as the national government was unable to effectively respond to this crisis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Native Americans respond to the opening of the Northwest Territory? Why?

<p>Native Americans were incensed by the opening of the Northwest Territory for westward expansion by white settlers. They were not involved in the Paris Peace Treaty negotiations and felt betrayed by the government's decision to give away their land without their consent. They banded together to discourage white settlement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main disagreements in the debate over representation in Congress, as outlined in the Virginia Plan, the New Jersey Plan, and the Great Compromise?

<p>The Virginia Plan, favored by larger states, called for a bicameral legislature with representation in both chambers based on population, while the New Jersey Plan, preferred by smaller states, proposed a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state. The Great Compromise emerged as a solution that created a bicameral legislature with a Senate, where each state had equal representation, and a House of Representatives, where representation was based on population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the essential structure of the U.S. government under the Constitution?

<p>The Constitution established a federal system of government with clear separation of powers and a system of checks and balances, creating a structure for a more effective and stable government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main differences between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists concerning the U.S. Constitution?

<p>The Federalists advocated for a strong central government, believing that it was necessary to strengthen the nation and ensure its stability, while the Anti-Federalists feared that a strong central government would infringe on individual liberties and the autonomy of the states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Federalist Papers?

<p>The Federalist Papers, a series of essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, were published to convince the American people to ratify the Constitution. They argued that a strong federal government was necessary to preserve the nation's unity and stability and to prevent chaos and anarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Edmund Randolph, and what was his role in the formation of the Constitution?

<p>Edmund Randolph, a delegate from Virginia, played a critical role in the drafting of the Constitution. He was the primary author of the Virginia Plan, which proposed a strong national government with a bicameral legislature and a system of checks and balances. This plan was a key starting point for the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention and paved the way for the establishment of a more robust federal government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was James Madison's role in the formation of the Constitution?

<p>James Madison, often called the 'Father of the Constitution,' played a crucial role in shaping the U.S. government. He authored the Virginia Plan, advocated for a strong national government, and wrote many of the Federalist Papers, which helped to advance the ratification of the Constitution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was William Paterson's role in shaping the Constitution?

<p>William Paterson was a delegate from New Jersey who proposed the New Jersey Plan at the Constitutional Convention. This plan countered the Virginia Plan by advocating for a unicameral legislature with equal representation for all states. While not ultimately adopted, it influenced the eventual compromise that led to the formation of the U.S. Senate, where each state has equal representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Roger Sherman's role in the formation of the Constitution?

<p>Roger Sherman, a delegate from Connecticut, is credited with playing a pivotal role in reaching a compromise between the opposing proposals of the Virginia and New Jersey Plans. He proposed the Great Compromise, which created the bicameral legislature with a Senate, where each state has equal representation, and a House of Representatives, where representation is based on population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Virtual Representation

A system where a colonists representative would look out for their particular interests.

Actual Representation

Representatives were elected by a broader group but still seen as representing everyone's interests.

Salutary Neglect

The British policy of allowing the colonies to ignore most of the British laws.

Sugar Act

Parliament passed new taxes on imports of sugar, wine, coffee, and other commodities (increased taxes). Meant to raise money for Britain.

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Currency Act

Made it illegal for the colonies to issue paper money. They had to pay in gold or silver instead.

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Stamp Act

The first internal direct tax on the colonies.

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Vice-Admiralty Courts

Courts without a jury in the colonies, granted jurisdiction by the British.

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Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies to discuss the Stamp Act.

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Declaration of Rights and Grievances

A document written by the Stamp Act Congress declaring taxes imposed on British colonists without their consent as unconstitutional.

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Declaratory Act

Parliament's assertion of its authority to tax and pass laws for the American colonies in all cases.

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Townshend Duties

Taxes levied on goods imported into the colonies from Great Britain, intended to raise money for royal officials.

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Committees of Correspondence

A network of communication among the colonies, established by Samuel Adams, to spread resistance to British rule.

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East India Company

A British company given a monopoly on trade with India, leading to protests in the colonies.

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Coercive Acts (aka Intolerable Acts)

A set of four measures by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for their resistance to British rule.

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Boston Port Act

Closed down the Boston Harbor until the East India Company was repaid.

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Administration of Justice Act

Allowed the royal governor to move trials of crown officers out of Massachusetts to prevent hostile juries.

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Massachusetts Government Act

Placed the Massachusetts government under the direct control of crown officials, limiting town meetings.

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Quebec Act

Expanded the boundaries of Quebec westward and extended religious tolerance to Roman Catholics.

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Quartering Act

Allowed British troops to be housed in occupied buildings in all colonies.

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Valley Forge

A significant point for the American forces, marked by a lack of supplies and disease.

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Northwest Ordinance

Established a precedent for westward expansion by admission of new states rather than expansion of existing ones.

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Articles of Association

An agreement to boycott British goods, drafted at the First Continental Congress.

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Olive Branch Petition

A petition drafted to give King George III and Parliament a choice to end armed resistance if troops were withdrawn and the Intolerable Acts were repealed.

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American Prohibitory Act

A British law that declared war on the American colonies.

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Declaration of Independence

A document drafted by Thomas Jefferson, declaring the independence of the American colonies from Great Britain.

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Virginia Plan

Proposed the creation of a system with checks and balances between branches of government.

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New Jersey Plan

Proposed a single-house legislature with each state having equal votes and the government having power to tax.

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Great Compromise

A compromise that created a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House of Representatives and equal representation in the Senate.

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Checks and Balances

A system of mutual checks and balances to prevent one branch of government from having excessive power.

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Bicameral Legislature

A two-house legislature.

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Proportional Representation

Representation in a legislative body based on population.

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Three-Fifths Compromise

A compromise that counted three-fifths of enslaved people for the purpose of representation and taxation.

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Electoral College

A body of electors established by the Constitution, chosen by each state, who elect the president and vice president.

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Federalists

Advocates for a strong federal government and ratification of the Constitution.

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Anti-Federalists

Those who opposed the ratification of the Constitution, arguing for stronger state governments.

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Federalist Papers

A collection of essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay advocating for the ratification of the Constitution.

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Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing fundamental rights.

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Study Notes

Key Concepts

  • The Seven Years' War/French and Indian War caused significant debt for Great Britain.
  • Colonists resisted paying for war debts and troops.
  • Economic consequences of the war greatly impacted the future colonies and the US.
  • Real Whigs warned against powerful governments.
  • Stamp Act: the first direct internal tax on the colonies, was viewed negatively by colonists
  • Declaratory Act: Parliament's power to tax the colonies in all cases.
  • Virtual Representation: Colonists would elect representatives to look out for their interests.
  • Actual Representation: Representatives elected by a broader group but still representing everyone.
  • Salutary Neglect: British policy allowing the colonies to largely ignore British laws.

Terms

  • Sugar Act: new taxes on sugar, wine, coffee, and other imports.
  • Currency Act: made it illegal for colonies to issue paper money.
  • Vice-Admiralty Courts: courts without juries in the colonies.
  • Stamp Act Congress: meeting of colony delegations.
  • Declaration of Rights and Grievances: colonists felt taxes without consent were unconstitutional.
  • Declaratory Act: Parliament's power to tax the colonies.
  • King George III: King of England during the American Revolution.
  • Prime Minister George Grenville: believed the colonies should be tightly controlled.
  • Real Whigs: ordinary people should be alert/careful.

People

  • James Otis, Jr.: early advocate for colonial rights
  • Patrick Henry: known for "Give me liberty or give me death."
  • Sons of Liberty: intercolonial association to curb excesses.
  • Lord Rockingham: led the Rockingham Whigs, repealed the Stamp Act
  • Charles Townshend: Chancellor of Exchequer, taxed glass, paper, and tea (Townshend Duties)
  • Lord North: New Prime Minister, believed Townshend Duties should be repealed.
  • Samuel Adams: Boston Tea Party organizer.

Events

  • Virginia House of Burgesses' response to the Stamp Act: denied parliament's authority to tax.
  • Townshend Duties: new taxes on goods imported into the colonies.
  • Coercive Acts, aka Intolerable Acts: punitive measures against Massachusetts.
  • Boston Port Act: closing of Boston Harbor.
  • Administration of Justice Act: allowed royal officials to move trials outside Massachusetts.
  • Massachusetts Government Act: placed colonial government under British control.
  • Quebec Act: granted religious tolerance to Catholics in Quebec.
  • Quartering Act: permitted British troops to stay in colonial homes.
  • Boston Massacre: British soldiers fired into a crowd, killing five people.
  • Boston Tea Party: colonists protesting British tea tax by dumping tea into Boston Harbor.
  • Continental Congress: meeting of delegates from the colonies.
  • Lexington and Concord: first military engagements of the American Revolution..
  • Battle of Bunker Hill: British victory with heavy casualties.

Key Concepts (cont.)

  • Tasks of Continental Congress delegates: defining grievances, planning resistance, military preparations, and deciding their relationship with Britain.
  • Impact of the Continental Congress: two primary accomplishments - Articles of Association (agreement to boycott British goods) and formation of the 2nd Continental Congress.
  • Lexington's Significance: start of the American Revolution.
  • American Prohibitory Act: declared war on the colonies.

Key Concepts(cont.)

  • Problems after the American Revolution: post-war inflation, soldiers' unpaid debts, lack of unity, state-issued currencies, land ownership disputes.
  • Powers granted by the Articles of Confederation: declaring war, making peace and treaties, settling disputes, borrowing/printing money, and asking states for funds.
  • Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation: no power to tax or enforce its authorities, which led to weak central government.
  • Shays' Rebellion: farmer's uprising highlighting the government's weakness.
  • Response by Native Americans to the opening of the Northwest Territory to settlement.
  • State constitutional conventions and bills of rights: documents outlining rights.
  • Northwest Ordinance, an important precursor for the expansion of the USA.

Key Concepts (cont.)

  • The debate over representation in Congress (Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, Great Compromise)
  • Structure of the US Government: bicameral legislature, proportional representation in the House of Representatives, equal representation in the Senate.
  • Federalist and Anti-Federalist positions on the U.S. Constitution.

People (cont.)

  • General Thomas Gage
  • Paul Revere.
  • George Washington/Continental Army
  • King George III
  • Thomas Paine/Common Sense
  • Richard Henry Lee
  • Thomas Jefferson
  • John Adams
  • Abigail Adams
  • John Hancock
  • William Howe
  • Marquis de Lafayette
  • King Louis XVI

Events (cont.)

  • First Continental Congress
  • "Shot heard 'round the world": Battle of Lexington and Concord.
  • Battle of Trenton
  • Battle of Saratoga
  • Battle for Philadelphia

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Description

Explore the significant events leading up to the American Revolution, including the economic impact of the Seven Years' War and key legislations like the Stamp Act and Sugar Act. Understand the evolving concepts of virtual and actual representation and how they influenced colonial resistance against British authority.

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