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Questions and Answers
What major change occurred in the identity of indentured laborers after 1800?
Which European power was responsible for displacing the greatest number of Native Americans?
What was the significance of the Magna Carta?
What was Paul Wotten's primary reaction to the arrival of the English in Chesapeake?
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Which event directly led to the revocation of the Calvert’s charter in Maryland?
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What was a primary belief of the Puritans in relation to the Salem Witch Trials?
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Which of the following was NOT a result of the Navigation Acts on farmers?
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What was one consequence of the first Navigation Act introduced in 1651?
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What was a significant characteristic of the Middle Passage experienced by African slaves?
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Which was considered a method of selling slaves upon their arrival to America?
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How did the Black Death affect labor availability in the Americas?
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Which Navigation Act specifically imposed taxes on goods going to foreign markets?
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What was a major consequence for farmers following the introduction of the Navigation Acts?
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What significant effect did fewer people have on the market for food, goods, and housing?
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Which civilization was known for its writing system and advancements in agriculture?
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What was the primary focus of the Enlightenment in relation to Christianity?
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What was a major consequence of the Navigation Acts?
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What role did Roger Williams play in the founding of Rhode Island?
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Which of the following describes the Separatists?
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What does the concept of Predestination refer to?
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What notable activity did the Olmecs contribute to early Meso-American culture?
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What was the primary focus of the Navigation Acts passed in the 1660s?
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Which of the following crops were considered lucrative in the 1600s?
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What was the original purpose of the Mayflower Compact?
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What was significant about Anne Hutchinson's beliefs?
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What happened to the Roanoke Colony?
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What was the aim of the Georgia Experiment for English colonization?
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What did Sir Humphry Gilbert contribute to colonization efforts?
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What characterized indentured servitude?
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Study Notes
Chesapeake
- Paul Wotten felt threatened by the English and resisted their encroachment.
Navigation Acts
- 1651: Required goods imported from England or to English colonies to be transported on English vessels, making it difficult for farmers to sell goods.
- 1660: Limited exports to specific goods like sugar, tobacco, ginger and indigo, limiting crop diversity and relying on English markets.
- 1673: Imposed taxes on goods traded with foreign markets, increasing costs for farmers and leading to conflicts with administrators.
- 1696: Tightened regulations, restricting farmers to English ports and markets, resulting in reduced profits.
Middle Passage
- Africans were enslaved, chained, and transported to holding areas, where they were placed in dungeons and loaded onto ships.
- Slaves spent 6-8 weeks in cramped, dark, and unsanitary conditions on the ships, and those who became ill were often thrown overboard.
- Upon arrival, they were subjected to a seasoning period, lasting one year, before being sold at auctions, newspaper advertisements, or scrambles.
The Black Death
- The Black Death led to a significant reduction in available workforce, creating demand for surviving laborers and decreasing prices for goods.
- This resulted in a better standard of living for survivors.
John Rolfe
- Colonist and soldier who married Pocahontas.
- Cultivated and contributed to the tobacco industry.
- First settler within the colony of Virginia.
Mesoamerican Civilizations
- Olmecs: Known for city building and the development of sports in Mesoamerica.
- Aztecs: Practiced human sacrifice, ruled central Mexico and parts of modern-day Guatemala, known for their advanced culture and religion.
- Mayans: Known for their farming civilizations, sophisticated writing system, and advanced number system.
Franciscans
- Missionaries who worked with the Pueblo people in the Appalachians and parts of Mexico.
Separatists
- Puritan group who left the Church of England.
Congregationalism
- A form of church governance that promotes self-governing and independent congregations.
Enlightenment
- A movement that sought to reform Christianity, leading to revivals and spreading religious ideas among colonists.
- Key figures: John Locke and Ben Franklin.
- The Enlightenment sparked Presbyterian and Baptist movements.
Roger Williams
- Fled persecution and founded Rhode Island.
- Advocated for separation of church and state, land policies, and peaceful relations with Native Americans.
Predestination
- The belief that God has predetermined who will be saved.
Bering Strait
- Passageway that enabled Native American ancestors to migrate from Alaska and settle in the US.
Mayflower Compact
- Laid the groundwork for the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution by establishing a democratic form of government.
Anne Hutchinson
- Challenged predestination and salvation, believing that good deeds were not necessary for salvation.
- Advocated for a "Covenant of Grace" over a "Covenant of Works."
- Banished from Massachusetts and moved to Rhode Island.
Lucrative Crops in the 1600s
- Sugar, tobacco, and rice were key profitable crops during this period.
- Maize, beans, and squash were known as "sister crops."
Anasazi
- Ancestors of the Pueblo people.
- Lived in the Four Corners region of the US (Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona).
- Flourished between 100-300 AD.
- Practiced "sister crops" agriculture.
- Population reached 30,000.
- Known for their jewelry-making skills.
England in 1500
- The Church of England broke away from the Catholic Church, seeking religious freedom.
Jamestown
- Early colony in Virginia that struggled to survive.
- Paul Wotten's resistance to English settlers played a role in the colony's difficulties.
Georgia Experiment
- This experiment by the English involved establishing the colony of Georgia to provide a buffer between the English colonies and Spanish Florida.
Sir Humphry Gilbert and Walter Raleigh
- Sir Humphry Gilbert gained a patent for land in North America and led expeditions that led to the establishment of Newfoundland.
- Walter Raleigh led expeditions to the lost Roanoke Colony, hoping to build upon past experience and establish a successful settlement.
Roanoke Colony
- Also known as the "lost colony."
- English settlers disappeared without a trace, leading to much speculation about their fate.
Indentured Servants
- Workers who agreed to labor for a specified period in exchange for passage to a new destination.
- Most indentured laborers were Europeans before 1800, and Asians after 1800.
European Power that Displaced Native Americans
- The British were responsible for displacing the most Native Americans.
Pocahontas and John Smith
- Pocahontas supposedly helped save John Smith from capture.
- Pocahontas was later captured and converted to Christianity, being renamed Rebecca.
- She married John Rolfe and they moved to a new settlement, potentially encountering John White during his colonial exploration.
Virginia House of Burgesses and Bacon's Rebellion
- Bacon's Rebellion was an uprising against Governor Berkeley's response to Indian attacks.
- The House of Burgesses represented the colonists and became a focal point of social and political unrest.
Tobacco Cultivation
- John Rolfe established the first successful tobacco plantation in Jamestown.
Puritans and Salem Witch Trials
- Puritan beliefs shaped the Salem Witch Trials.
- Puritans believed witchcraft was a sign of God's punishment for sin.
- The trials were marked by fear and suspicion, often targeting innocent individuals.
Magna Carta
- A historical document that established the principle of the supremacy of law over government authority and power.
Bacon's Rebellion
- Led by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676 as a protest against ineffective government responses to Native American attacks.
- Resulted in the revocation of the Calvert's charter, leading to a shift in power dynamics.
Mercantilism
- An economic policy that advocated for national wealth and power through the accumulation of gold and silver and promoting exports over imports.
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Description
Explore the complexities of Colonial America focusing on the Chesapeake region, the impact of the Navigation Acts, and the harrowing experiences of the Middle Passage. Understand how these factors shaped the economy, society, and the lives of enslaved Africans. Test your knowledge of these critical historical events.
